Literature review of reducing barriers and reoffending in juvenile offenders

Literature come off of reducing barriers and reoffending in juvenile wrongdoersThis denomination will be a literature review of reducing barriers and re-offending in juvenile offenders at Wetherby secure college of acquirement through with(predicate) raising and training, and to barf let out any lynchpin themes that comport been lastlighted from published look. It has for a enormous time been accepted that there is a long standing friendship of both public and professional opinions, the link between those juvenile offenders who come in wickedness to barriers and education, training and skills.This literature review will draw on books, published research, home office and g everywherenment journals and agencies such as the YJB, OLASS- offender learning and skills expediency. This bibliographic information was selected using home office, g everyplacenment and federal agency resources and also using databases such as Educational Resources Information affection (ERIC).T he government has a duty to punish those as a arrest who commit crime, but also has a duty to address the terra firma why these unripe juvenile offenders fall into a vicious caboodle of committing crime. The review will look at how the government intend to swot up offender skills and get more offenders into rick and nail repeat offending. look has Identified a key falling of the felon justice trunk that over half off all offences atomic number 18 committed by ex- offenders, Barbary (2007) and out of all offenders that were emerged from custody in 2004 over sixty fin per cent went on to re-offend, Home Office (2007). This being a elephantine cost to the government and to the tax payer by ex-offenders estimated to be well-nigh 11 billion per year Social Exclusion Unit (2002).The come to I take a shit in this area is that I have been working(a) with new-made offenders on and off for the last twenty two historic period and for the last ten years in a teaching capacit y. over this period of time I have dealt with these fresh populate with a whole range of learning and educational difficulties, and we need to look at, and to stop the huge number of them re-offending and coming back into custody. And that is to equip them with the right skills so at least they have a better chance of progressing through life.For my research I would like to take a sample of offenders who have improved their education whilst in custody and to fol pocket-sized them on release to go through if it has had an imp achievement on stopping them re-offending.The back ground to this review starts with the youth justice board, the YJB were introduced to oversee the provision of all 15-18 year olds in custody serving detention training orders. This agency brought a renew focus as their role spans both custody and the community to monitor key services to prevent re-offending under the crime and disorder act 1998.Review of LiteratureEvaluation of Literature adverts custodi al institutions are attempting to date the needs of the young juvenile offenders who are beset with multiple disadvantages. In terms of education and training, the young peoples immediate antecedents are mainly characterised by need of access and/or nonparticipation and long-standing deficits in literacy and numeracy.The YJB commissioned Ecotec consulting to essay an audit of the provisions of education and training within the juvenile estate. The YJB could consequently use this as a base to measure any mastery that arose.The outcome of this audit gave an eye opening evidence based slam of a system failing to provide juvenile offenders with their entitlement to a total education. The audits evidence revealed a picture of a disconnected, inadequate and an impoverished service ECOTEC (2001).There were three main areas where education appears to be epochal in creating a likelihood of offending The impact of custodial interventions Educational under-achievement, particularly wi th respect to literacy and numeracy Permanent exclusion and non-attendance at crop.A re- handring thread of research done on young people in custody is that a majority have piteous levels of educational or training qualifications, with significant literacy and numeracy deficits in particular. The Social Exclusion Unit Bridging the Gap report tell that 80 per cent of young offenders in custody had no qualifications, and that over two-thirds of young offenders sent to custody were at NVQ Level 1 or below for reading, writing and numeracy YJB (2006). A survey carried out by include for the YJBs Basic Skills Initiative (2000) of the basic skills needs of young people with whom spring chicken Offending Teams (YOTs) are working revealed reading ages averaging six years fucking chronological ages. record from other researchers were in agreement with ECOTEC consulting, findings revealed similar key factors that are closely associated with offending by young people* insulating materia l from education* low attainment (especially in literacy and numeracy skills)* influence of the coach (including lack of a clear school ethos, unforesightful discipline)* experience of custody and topical anesthetic authority care, which are associated with detachment from education and low attainment,Blythe, Haywood, Stevenson (2004). seek over the last decade has suggested that young people who do not be at GCSE level are less likely to move onto still education between the ages of 16 and 18, this evidence in itself, is the well-nigh weighty indicator of unemployment at age 21 (Social Exclusion Unit, 1999). Work carried out by Croll and Moses (2003) harbors the view that primordial exits from the education system are typically associated with limited career prospects and other restricted life chances. This is also viewed by the researchers mentioned earlier, that the earlier young people remove themselves or are removed(p) by exclusion or suspension from education in th eir early teens are likely to go on to become young offenders.Evidence from the literature suggests that, to curb the dis-engagement of the young offenders from learning before they get into the criminal justice system wasFor schools to respond quickly to non- attendance/ involve the parents with support/ and to arrange full time programmes for students who have become detached from educationTo have individualised learning plans for students with difficultiesAnd to promote a good school ethos and staff- student relationships.All the literature review so far is in agreement with what is happening and what needs to be done to help young people overcome these barriers and promote education to the dis-effected youth I see on a day to day basis in my work environment.The quadruplet main assay factors for the onset and continuation of offending occur within the remit of education, training and employment, these are, detachment from education, low attainment in literacy and numeracy, inf luence of the schools and receiving a custodial sentence or placed into care. Research evidence also suggests that engagement in education and training is most probably the single most important protective factor in reducing offending and reoffending (YJB, 2002 Berridge et al, 2001 Lipsey, 1995 Farrington, 1996).What is less clear from all of this evidence is the thrill of the relationship between cause and effect with these particular risk factors. Does low attainment make the young person more likely to take away him or herself, or are those who absent themselves more likely to be low attainers? Does being excluded from school lead people into offending, or are actual or potential offenders more likely to be excluded? (YJB 2006). whatever literature argues that, it is unclear whether these young people being out of school for long periods of time and associating with an ripened delinquent cohort fall into crime (Berridge et al, 2001 Farrington,2001) or the increase exposure to drug taking, or is it when the young people drop out from education, its the delay in re-attachment back to mainstream education that is impulsive them into engaging in offending behaviour (Parsons, 2000). But the literature does suggest that being exposed to one or all the risk factors mentioned increases the risk of offending behaviour (YJB, 2006).If we look more closely at the high risk factors of causes of offending in young people and possible resolutions. legal separationThe YJB funded education programmes has shown direct correlation in numeracy and literacy attainment and in low rates of offending (YJB,2003). Post sixteen education, training and skills interventions were a big predictor in getting employment. An Audit Commission Report (1999), report that on any one day that there are four hundred thousand children, five per cent of the eight million children that should be in school that or not. The Audit Commission Report (Audit Commission, 2004) value that the extent of out of school population was unknown and recommended that LEAs should undertake a census of young people not in school, including authorised and wildcat absences and those not on a school roll.The Tomlinson Report (DfES, 2004) observed that fallback peaks during Key Stage 4 and is manifest in absenteeism, exclusion and toughened behaviour. Some of the causes of breakup are cultural, social and economic and not easy addressed through changes to program and qualifications.While recognising that the causes of disengagement may be complex, the Tomlinson Report proposals had the stated aim of raising participation and tackling the educational causes of disengagement through* offering a preference of relevant programmes and activities that allow young people to pursue their interests and aspirations* sign posting progression routes within a diploma framework and making it easier for learners to follow a route of their choice* ensuring that all young people developed the knowledge, skills and attributes needed to access the curriculum* enabling young people to build confidence by gaining realisation for small steps of achievement.There are four additional messages from the genuine literature.* It is much clearer about what to do than the detail on how to do itReattaching young people to education and training is far harder than preventingdetachment in the front place* There is limited evidence available of the transfer of learning between differentenvironments such as custody to the community* Delays and poor communication between the education and youth justice systemsare a major constraint (YJB 2006).ConclusionsThe literature review supports the importance placed by the YJB on education and training to reduce recidivism among young people who offend. The uphill research evidence provides broad guidance for principles of effective educational interventions. some(prenominal) types of intervention have been evaluated as demonstrating a high degree of forte in reducing important risk factors. The evidence also indicates that early and sustained intervention on the crucial matters of attainment and attachment have a higher chance of success than trying to equip older teenagers who have become completely detached from mainstream learning with literacy and numeracy skills.