Beakers and measuring Essay Example for Free

Beakers and measuring Essay Chemical engineers exploit chemical reactions to produce materials on a commercial scale. One of their principal activities is the design and operation of chemical reactors. In order to accomplish design goals, the engineer often needs to know the kinetics of a reaction the factors that influence the rate of the reaction. In what follows, a brief discussion of the basic ideas in chemical kinetics is presented along with the mathematical models used to study the kinetics of chemical reactions. The close resemblance of the mathematical equations modeling chemical kinetics to those modeling population dynamics will become apparent. Appropriate links to topics in population dynamics will be indicated for you to explore if you so desire. Reaction Rates A chemical reaction involves one or more substances (reactants) that react to produce other substances (products). As the reaction proceeds, some chemical species are depleted while others are formed. Certain laws govern this process, and these laws can be expressed in terms of mathematical equations Balance Laws One of the assumptions made in chemical kinetics is that the number of atoms is preserved, i. e. atoms are neither created nor destroyed. For example, if there are atoms of Oxygen, , present before the reaction begins, then there will be the same number, , of atoms of Oxygen during all stages of the reaction. This is illustrated by the following stoichiometric equation describing the decomposition of nitrous oxide (a gas) into nitrogen and oxygen gases (do not confuse the nitrogen and oxygen gases, and , with the elements Oxygen, , and Nitrogen, ): PLAN: I must produce a piece of coursework investigating varrying rates of reaction, and the effect different changes have on them. The rate of reaction is the rate of loss of a reactant or the rate of formation of a product during a chemical reaction. It is measured by using the following caculation: Rate of reaction = 1 divided by Time taken for rection to conclude. According to the collision theory of reacting particles, there are five factors that can affect the rate of a reaction: temperature, concentration (of solution), pressure (in gases), surface area (of solid reactants), and catalysts. I have chosen to investigate the effect temperature has on a reaction. This is because temperature is practical and easy to investigate practical. Time is a serious element in my investigation, the preparation of a solid in powdered and unpowdered form would take longer to prepare, and it is difficult to get accurate readings due to the inevitabilities of human errors. A gas is mostly colourless, it is difficult to gauge a reaction changing the pressure and if a substance is added to give the gas colour, it may influence the outcome of the experiment. Similarly the use of a catalyst complicates things, and if used incorrectly could cause a series of anomalous results. AIM: To observe the effects of a change in temperature on the rate of a reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid. The reaction that will be used is: Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Sodium chloride + water + Sulphur Dioxide. (In symbol form) A series of experiments will be carried out changing the temperature while other factors remain constant. Both the sodium thiosulphate and the Hydrochloric acid are soluble in water. My first recording will be demonstrated at room temperature, this will be discovered by using a thermometre, I shall wait until the temperature remains constant before proceeding. When varrying the temperature I shall use a water bath to heat up the solution allowing it to reach the necessary temperature. A preliminary investigation was used to decide which apparatus was appropriate and the varriation of the temperatures. The results of my preliminary investigation are below: My preliminary investigation allowed me to discover that any temperature below 20 C reacted too slowly, and 90i C reacted too quickly to be worth including in my final investigation. I have decided to operate the final investigation using the following apparatus: 1 thermometer = to allow me to test the temperature of the solution. 2 measuring cylinders = to measure the amounts of sodium thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid used. 1 heatproof mat = for the experiment to place safely on. 1 stopwatch = to allow me to time the rate of reaction.   5 waterbaths = to be set at varried temperatures (ranging from 40-80 C) to heat the solution. X board = to place the conical flask (containing Sodium thiosulphate/Hydrochloric acid solution) on allowing me to observe the rate of reaction. 1 Conical Flask = to contain the solution . 1 pair of tongs = to allow me to pick up the beaker safely after it has been heated. 1 pair of goggles = to protect my eyes from any rogue substances they may be subject to. During this investigation I have decided to use Sodium Thiosulphate in the concentration of 0. 03 moles per litre, 50cm shall be used in each experiment. I will be using Hydrochloric acid in batches of 5cm for each experiment. METHOD: collect nescessary apparatus and assemble in an appropriate fashion.   Using a measuring cylinder, collect 50cm of Sodium Thiosulphate and place into the conical flask. Heat to appropriate temperate using the waterbath, check the accuracy of the water baths temperature by using a thermometre. Place the X board under the flask.   Add 5cm of dilute hydrochloric acid swirling the flask to mix the two solutions. Using a stopwatch, start timing straight away.   Keep eyes on the cross and stop the clock when the solution has gone cloudy and the cross is no longer visible.   Repeat experiment varrying the temperature.   Averages will be taken to improve the credibility of the findings, and present solid grounding for the final conclusion. The repeat results will help to iron out any anomalies and the average will give a good summary of the results of the experiment. However if one set of results is entirely different to the other, a third experiment will be performed to replace the anomalous set of results. Safety A pair of goggles will be worn during the heating part of the experiment in order to protect the eyes. An apron will also be worn to protect the skin and clothing. When handling hot beakers and measuring cylinders a pair of tongs will be used.

Genetic Testing :: Genetics Disorders Diseases Papers

Genetic Testing Genetic screening uses a variety of laboratory procedures to find out if a person has a genetic condition or disorder or is likely to develop a disease based on his or her genetic makeup. Individuals may wish to be tested if the family shows a history of one specific disease such as Huntington's Disease or breast cancer, if they show symptoms of a genetic disorder which could be improved by early diagnosis, or if they are planning a family and are concerned about the possibility of passing on a genetic trait to their offspring. This last type of screening can look at the parent's genotype or look at the genotype of the fetus or newborn. This type of screening can also look for a specific disorder or can be done as a general test for common disorders as in prenatal testing or more commonly newborn screening. Genetic tests use techniques to examine genes or markers near the genes. Direct testing for diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anemia come from an analysis of an individual's specific genes. A technique called linkage analysis, or indirect testing, is used when the gene cannot be directly identified but can be located within a specific region of a chromosome. This testing requires additional DNA from an affected family member for comparison. Because each person's DNA is unique (except for identical twins), genetic tests also can be used for individual identification ("DNA fingerprinting"). This technique is often used in forensic work, where samples from a crime scene such as blood or semen could be used as incriminating or acquitting evidence. Genetic testing is a complex process, and the results depend both on reliable laboratory procedures and an accurate translation of results. Tests also vary in sensitivity, that is, their ability to detect mutations or to detect all patients who have or will develop the disease. Interpretation of test results are often complex even for trained physicians and other health care specialists. Types of Genetic Testing Carrier Identification includes genetic tests used by couples whose families have a history of recessive genetic disorders and who are considering having children. Three common tests include those for cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle-cell trait but more tests are coming on the market at a very high rate. Norman Frost of the University of Wisconsin Madison Medical School says, "Potential new genetic tests roll off the conveyor belt of the human genome project almost once a week " (2).

HUM History and Methods of Science Essay

Social views and culture denoted scientist, in general, as individuals who exist different from the common society. This idea is mainly because scientists live with a strong conviction to their field and their reasoning is widely based on the empirical side of the environment they lived in. Because of this, scientist’ cultures and lifestyles are significantly affected with their governing philosophies and scientific principles. The aspect of communication is also included in the human cultures and philosophies that are affected by the conviction in the scientific world. In this idea, scientists do tend to communicate with their colleagues in a manner, which is significant based on their scientific principles. There communication is widely empirical in nature that they tend to express themselves and reason out through proving the validity of their statement in an empirical nature. Scientist’s opinions and ideas are always supported with factual and scientific proofs whenever they share it with their colleagues. Through this manner, scientist can and are ready to defend the validity of their statements whenever they communicate with their fellow scientist as they are all governed by their scientific principles and philosophies. Another common trend in the communication aspects of the scientist is that they tend to relate each of their opinions and ideas to other scientific concepts or factual events and phenomenon. This is probably habitual in nature, as their profession requires them to be open-minded and critical in their field. Their communication aspect is often critical and analytic in nature whenever they state something or dispute an idea. Hus, from this concepts and ideas, one can actually see that profession indeed such as the field of science can affect the human culture and personal behavior of an individual as with the case of the society of scientist. In this concept, the behavior of scientist towards their profession becomes habitual in nature thus affecting their innate and personal communication aspect in general.

Teaching Strategies For Learning Style Preferences

It is in this article that Beck matches three teaching strategies to learning style preferences. During which he attempts to link the 4MAT system, Dunn’s LSI, and the Renzulli Smith’s LSI to teaching strategies associated to display individual learning preferences linked to the brain’s hemispheres. The 4MAT system and Dunn’s LSI is teacher driven teaching strategies while the Renzulli Smith’s LSI allows student input into their teaching strategies. In linking the 4MAT system to teaching strategies, Beck further explores why certain teaching strategies are more successful and hemispheric appropriate when adapted to their individual natural tendencies. Student learning tendencies are associated with left- mode, right- mode, or multi- mode tendencies. Dunn s LSI includes a wide range of motivations that teachers should consider when determining individual learning styles that may include psychological and cognitive variables. However, Renzulli Smith’s LSI permits student to provide their input to list their favorite to least favorite activities. All three LSI have significance, but it is ultimately the teacher’s role to provide opportunities for each student to unharness their potential. The focus of this article was to perform research on the Preferred Teaching Approach Inventory (PTAI) including psychometric properties. This was performed to determine students preferred teaching styles impacted their personal learning styles. The research suggested thatShow MoreRelatedEducation Is Part Of Everyday Life1037 Words   |  5 Pageseducation and learn all aspect of life, learning must take place. Everyone is different and has individual styles of learning. Learning styles is defined as an individual’s mode of gaining knowledge, especially a preferred or best method (dictionary.com) Therefore, individual must have a better way of teaching others, and same goes to the person receiving the teaching. 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