Racial Ideology of Americas Essay

In the period from 1500 to 1830, racial stereotypes were prominent in the regions of Latin America/Caribbean and North America and they had a tremendous effect on society, especially societies with multiple ethnicities. The racial ideologies of these regions can be seen through the treatment of native peoples and the treatment of slaves. However, because of the strong influence of differing European nations,and their differing standards, contrasting societal effects can be seen. When the Europeans discovered and settled the â€Å"New World† and Latin America their ideology of European dominance and superiority had a direct effect on the natives of these regions. In North America, the Native Americans were often oppressed or forced to live on a confined piece of land. The Europeans would often devise treaties with the Native Americans on where there territorial boundaries were and where the settlers were not allowed to intrude. The European governments did not enforce this, so eventually all of these treaties were broken. This shows that the Europeans did not regard the natives claims to the land as legitimate and that they did not have any rights to the land. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the natives were enslaved and forced into servitude and labor. The dominant European racial ideology also fueled the slave trade in both North America and Latin America. The slave trade revolved around slave ships that would transport masses of Africans to the colonies to increase productions. The slave trade grew in the periods from 1500 to 1830 because slaves became cheaper to buy then hiring indentured servants who would work only a certain amount of years and then be free when their debt was paid off where as a slave is kept for life, unless they are sold. The slaves were bought, sold, and treated like property, not human beings. The colonists, were those who traveled from Europe to the Americas or those born in America who had come from European descent implemented the total colonization of North America and Latin America and the Caribbean. The colonies in North America were predominantly British and had a desire to become like their mother country. This united the colonists and so they did not discriminate against each other like they discriminated against the Native Americans and African slaves. This contrasts the predominantly Spanish dominated colonies because they had no sense of unity. The Spanish racial ideology prompted those in power, the royal sangres azules, and the commoners, translated into discrimination within the colonist populations. The colonists born in Spain were considered better than those who born in Americas, even if you came two fully Spanish parents. Those who were of â€Å"mixed blood† , who were children of native and Spanish parents were even lower.

The Antebellum Period in America

The antebellum period in America was one of rapid change. With the ideals of Romanticism at hand, people were in the frame of mind to improve society in order to reach this state of perfection that according to the movement was indeed attainable. American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society with regards to education, temperance, and women’s rights. There were great efforts for education reform between 1820 and 1860. Horace Mann of Massachusetts was one such leader of education reform.In Massachusetts, he restructured thee educational system so that the school year was longer and educators were better paid. Moreover, by the 1950’s there were tax funded elementary schools in existence in many states. However,only seventy-two percent of white children in the North were actually enrolled in school. In the South the figures were more dismal; about one-third of white children were enrolled in schoo l and blacks had no opportunity to be. In addition, some teachers of this time period were barely literate.Despite the great push for education reform by reformers such as Horace Mann, there were still flaws with the education provided, making education reform reflect both optimistic and pessimistic views. Temperance too was widely supported by reformers of the period but caused controversy and bitterness. During the antebellum, there was and overproduction and abundance of alcohol in America; so much so that the average male drank about three times as much as one would today. As alcohol was so readily available in all areas of the nation and affecting so much of the population, there were many outspoken groups arguing for abstinence against liquor.The Protestants, as a whole, were rather outspoken for they argued that it placed a great strain on the women as they their men could not support their families while in some sort of drunken stupor. As this movement went on, many joined a nd pledged their abstinence from liquor. However, as the movement went on to include other alcoholic items such as beer and wine issues arose. As many Catholic immigrants also used alcohol as a part of their social activity, the temperance movement’s call for abstinence from all alcohol came to be a problem for Catholic-Protestant interactions. Therefore, temperance too reflected boththe optimistic and pessimistic views. Women’s rights too had its high and low points. For as women’s right did rally a great deal of support largely in the form of women, women ’s rights were often viewed as a secondary cause once compared to abolition. In this time period, there were, however, advances in the cause of women’s rights. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman physician, came to be in this period. Equality of the sexes was also largely supported by the Quakers. The Women’s Rights convention at Seneca Falls of 1848 was momentous for women’s righ ts as well as it was there that the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† emerged.This â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† would call for the end of separate â€Å"spheres† for women and men. However, many of the demands made in this declaration would go unaddressed for quite some time; women only get the right to vote in the twentieth century. Many women reformers too were attacked for being so outspoken. Thus, for the advancements made, there were still issues remaining and unaddressed. As with nearly all things, education, temperance, and women’s rights between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views.While Horace Mann called for longer running, better funded schools, there were still schools that employed individuals who were barely literate. Although temperance would aid women as they suffered when their men were drunk, it caused friction between Protestants and Catholics. Furthermore, though Quakers were supportive of equal rights for w omen, a large portion of men throughout the nation were not so open to the idea of equality between the sexes. Therefore, these movements exhibited both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society.

You Tube Llc: Going Global by Acting Local

Case 2: YouTube Case Questions 1. Do a SWOT analysis of YouTube in India.Internal| Strengths * The site is very user-friendly and video uploads are easy * Launching a localized YouTube site that contained local promoted videos, featured videos, localized user interface * Using digital hash technology for copyrighting protection | Weaknesses * User created content is not really that popular or well crafted * Copyrighted material is not allowed to be uploaded onto the site * Only including some Indian languages and not all Indian languages on the site| External| Opportunities * Expand viewer content to include a larger age range of viewers * Customizing to local preference to attract more users * Entered into various partnerships with Indian TV networks and film produces that would suit the local taste| Threats * Competition from Google’s social networking site Orkut and local Indian portals offering local content * Local music labels in India suing YouTube * Receiving criticism from fundamentalist groups regarding its contents * Facebook, Twitter, and Flickr| 2. Assess YouTube’s growth through alliances and partnerships. YouTube has grown by forging partnerships with various companies and providing entertainment that suit the local taste and preferences of the host county. 3. Assess the company’s localizing strategy.Do you recommend that YouTube â€Å"localize† when entering other countries? YouTube India provides users with relevant content and a platform to share its unique and diverse culture and lifestyle. India was the 20th country that YouTube had launched a localized site for. I recommend that YouTube â€Å"localize† when entering other countries, because India has benefited from an entirely local experience highlighting content and functionality most desired by the Indian users. 4. What are the problems YouTube is experiencing in India? Local music labels in India had sued YouTube for hosting its product. In addition, t he site received criticism from fundamentalist groups regarding its contents.

Delivering Customer Value Through Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Delivering Customer Value Through - Essay Example Talking on this note, it can be said that the entire process of globalization has played a major role in the process of opening of markets around the world and making information from various corners available to the masses, irrespective of their geographical locations. As a matter of fact, it can be said that the entire process of globalization has played a major role in the process of influencing the consumer behavior, needs and demands of the masses all over the world. The high level of influence that are being implemented on the masses by the process of globalization has led to the evolution of needs and demands for various kinds of new products and service in various markets around the world. ... rnments around the world concentrate on attracting foreign investments of diverse nature like the Foreign Institutional Investments (FIIs) and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). The factors of favorable government frameworks, economic policies as well as tremendous demand from various markets for various new products and services are encouraging the companies around the world to focus on the process of catering to the growing demands of the global masses. As a result, the companies around the world are designing strategies like product development, market development and even diversification strategies for the purpose of entering new markets. This has automatically resulted in the increase of the level of competition in various markets around the world and is also providing the customers in various markets around the world with a significant number of alternative products. This is resulting in the increase in competition for products and services and is promoting inter firms rivalry a mong various companies in multiple markets around the world. With the rise of similar types of products and services in any particular market, the consumers are left with a wide array of choices. Acting on the basis of normal and rational consumer behavior, it is quite natural for the consumers to select the products and services, which provides the best fit to their consumption trends as well as lifestyle patterns. Hence, with regards to standards economics philosophy of marginal and total utility, it can be clearly said that the consumers will show ample signs of choosing products and services which provides a lot of values to them as compared to other alternatives that are available in the market. Literature Review Overview From the view point of micro economics, it has always been

Yourself Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Yourself Marketing - Essay Example Research has shown that about 85% of job vacancies are never advertised due to the resources required t put up an advert. This means that one should keep sending companies that are deemed to have ample opportunities. Such companies are identified not only by their profit margins but their size, location and industry. It is also crucial to have an up to date resume on several online job boards. A resume should be precise and attractive to a potential employer. It is necessary to remember that employers receive thousands of other applications and may never go through the whole batch. In cases where an applicant has no work experience, internship and relevant academic projects should be included. A resume should be tailored to suit a specific job application. A job applicant should have negotiating skills once a potential employer gives an offer. A potential employee should negotiate a salary offer based on his work experience, skills that he possesses prior achievements just to name a few. An interviewee should to find out what an employee with similar qualification

Financial service-Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial service-Banking - Essay Example The U.S and European market had enjoyed a lot of freedom thanks to deregulation and privatization in the financial industry. However, this trend was to be detrimental a decade later. According to Anne Khademian the government’s efforts to manage the financial crisis has been monumental (841). She continues to add that the congress made major reforms in the financial industry. First there was the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and the Consumer Protection Act. These acts were aimed at regulating the unregulated financial industry, which had crippled the economy. This was an attempt by the government to reverse the actions of subprime lenders and investors, financial market intermediaries and credit rating agencies. Due to the unregulated nature of the financial and banking industry financial institutions were offering high interest rate mortgages. In sub-prime lending, banks were lending out higher interest rates to their customers without considering the risk of default rates of their customers. The banks were also fast to approve the loans because of the high interest rates charged on the loans. During the financial crisis, at least four million people faced foreclosure due to their inability to pay loans. Consequently the banks were late in receiving their payments and meeting their credit obligations. The government had to step in and bail out the banks in an attempt to end the financial crisis. The U.S treasury and E.U commission pumped in billions of dollars and Euros to the banks in order to save them from liquidity. The government plays an important role when it comes to stabilizing the economy. This is achieved by either lowering or increasing the lending bank rates. In the journal article, the author says, â€Å"the response to the crisis caused by too much debt and interest rates manipulated interest rates too low† (Khademian, 842). During the financial crisis, the government lowered the interests lending rates to

Corporate Communication of the British Petroleum Company Research Paper

Corporate Communication of the British Petroleum Company - Research Paper Example Analysis of the FARMA Limited company is a main topic of this research paper. The researcher describes that company has emerged as one of the largest pharmaceutical and has its operations in more than 40 countries and products available worldwide. It was started in early 2000 by a group of medical researchers from Princeton University. It is one of those companies that gained tremendous success in just a few years. The research paper focuses on different corporate communications strategies and their impact on the successful business of FARMA Limited. The company combines the best values of entrepreneurship, business ethics, and strict acquiescence with current Good Manufacturing Practices. Since its creation, FARMA Ltd. has primarily endorsed research based pharmaceutical products. It is one of those few pharmaceutical companies who have developed their brand loyalty through innovative advertising strategies along with its strong marketing base. The ground-breaking strategies have he lped its products to be positioned in their respective curative areas. FARMA Ltd. has achieved this prestigious status through creative marketing strategies, promoting team work, human resource development and high-tech production facilities. The research paper and collaboration with prominent researches presents FARMA’s commitment to successfully manufacture high quality health products as well as prosperously organize company's corporative culture and communication on different levels, from crisis and to strategic to increase future success.

Develop Pro and Con Arguments on the Issue Research Paper

Develop Pro and Con Arguments on the Issue - Research Paper Example The disturbing thing is that guns (whether legal or illegal) is being used to create problems in the society. The long-term policy is to educate the citizens of values and caring. In the short-term, a highly controlled licensing statute should be implemented in an effective manner. Review of literature shows that a total ban on gun ownership is not practical in the short-term. Introduction: In most organized societies, there exists some form of law and order in order to protect its citizens from both internal and external threats. In the modern context of what can be defined as a society, a set of statutes and laws which is administered by the legal department and controlled by the government exists. Apart from the legal angle, the military is formed to protect the country from external threats. There is normally an internal security force, namely the police department to protect individuals from crimes and threats within the country and society. But the extent to which citizens can take law and protection into their own hands can be questionable and even controversial. Some societies (and countries) have liberal laws regarding self-protection. The United States is one country which has such liberal laws. While the law does allow citizens to own guns and firearms, there has been a negative aspect to this stand. Misuse of owning arms which has resulted in wanton killings and attacks have been reported in the media over the years. As a presidential candidate and taking the above factors into consideration, this presentation reviews both sides of the argument – one that allows easy ownership of guns and the other that restricts its sales. Ownership of firearms, if it is not misused, could be a means of self-protection and could even ease the burden of law enforcement agencies. But on the other hand, emotional outbursts, personal vendetta, and criminal intents could result in unwanted violence that could create unrest and lack of security in the society. It is hoped that no personal bias and opinions will appear in this presentation. The intention is to present an unbiased review of literature before coming to a conclusion regarding the topic. Before moving on to the main topic under study, a definition of key terms will be provided so that the reader will be informed about the different aspects that influence this debate. Definition of key terms: The Second Amendment: It is assumed that one of the most important factors that allows citizens to own arms is the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. The wordings are as follows – â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (Scaros, 2010, 390). Militia: Militia does not mean owning arms for offense. According to one definition, militia comprises â€Å"of all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense† (Pollock, 2009, 379). This indicates that owning licensed arms is legal, but only for protection and not for offense. Hence any hostile or violent act against another individual can be considered to be a legal offense. Guns or firearms: â€Å"Any weapon that will or, that may be readily converted to, to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, and

Employee Development and Talent Management Essay

Employee Development and Talent Management - Essay Example It is evident from the study that human resource department is responsible for attracting prospective employees through hiring, and training, evaluating, retaining, and performing other functions that make work beneficial for both employees and the firm. In other words, the human resource management is the link between the senior management and employees. This department works to ensure that the workforce is utilized effectively to further organisational goals while ensuring employee interests are not ignored. The human resources department has various professionals who must work together for the department to execute its roles flawlessly. In small start-up businesses, one individual handles the various roles of a human resource officer since the issues are few with a low number of employees. However, in larger organizations, human resource is a full department with various professionals specializing in the numerous functions of the human resource management.The functions of the huma n resource management include creating an enabling environment, in addition to, promotion of employee training and talent development. This task includes regular, formal and informal training of employees at all levels as well as identifying and encouraging growth of careers for employees with the potential for growth. One current concern of the human resource management in the UK revolves around striking a balance between the cost of labour and the quality and quantity of production. This is because there is highly qualified labour in the UK, which comes at a cost so high that it deters a company from making desirable profit margins. In addition to the cost, human resource departments face the challenge of workforce shortage and have to contend with importing labour, especially from Asia where majority of the educated population is young (Scholz and Bohm 2008, p. 245; Banfield and Kay 2008). In employee training and development, the human resource team faces many issues that harden tasks and make it ineffective. Crucial issues include assessment of administrative performance, and setting of benchmarks for competency, transparency, accountability and a sense of public interest. Other issues are categorised based on the functions of the human resource management. These categories include recruitment issues, employment issues, autonomy concerns and structural issues. All these issues have to do with fair decision making and allocation of resources in a way that promotes achievement of company objectives and at the same time taking care of employee interests. The human resource should create a balanced workforce with no discrimination whatsoever which is mainly based on race, gender, education level, religion or any other basis. However, the non-discrimination policy should not put the main company objective profit maximisation in jeopardy. In an attempt to explain why employee training is not all that effective, the study first aims to identify various issues th at the human resource management team faces as it does employee training and development. The next aim was to make recommendations on some steps that could reduce or eliminate these challenges for effective human resource management (Briscoe, Schuler and Claus 2008, p. 200; Dowling, Festing and Engle2008, p. 153). Critical Issues Administrative Performance The human resource management is responsible for the welfare of the whole company’s workforce, including that of the top management. The human resource management is part of the company management that it is supposed to assess. However, it is a hard task analysing the performance of administrative departments since that is akin to supervising oneself. In this case, the human resource management may not be objective enough to ensure impartiality in its analysis. This is a matter of concern especially because the people that sit in other management offices are, in many cases, the ones that sit in assessment panels. It is huma n nature for these individuals to put their personal interests

Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Justice - Essay Example The need for justice is necessitated because of claims made by an individual or groups on the other on the ground of misconduct or unfairness. Crime is one of the prevalent forms of such misconduct and hence it calls for the development of a special branch of the judiciary system which is known as the criminal justice system. The extent of the crime rate has been on the rise and continues to be so presently. However, the question that comes up is whether justice has been able to reach each of the victims and has led to the happiness of the society through its regulation. The answer to this question is well –known to all. Daily reports of crime show the extent to which such activities have increased and how the perpetrators go about moving freely in the society. This does not imply that the concepts of justice has changed, it only reflects the underlying inability of the concerned authorities to impart it. Justice is a social order that keeps individuals safe from crimes such as thefts, murders, assaults and abuses. In the macro sense, it protects countries from wars, terrorism and other types of ‘unjust’ activities. Justice also ensures a person’s freedom and autonomy in making choices. However, the role of justice in taking actions comes into play when such freedoms are misused by those individuals. (Kelsen) Criminal justice has been formulated to control incidents of crime as a part of the justice imparting system. The role of justice is not only to give the seeker his due rights but also to create an environment that is not conducive of crime. That is to explain that it does not only punish the perpetrator and thus gives justice to the victim, it also has a duty to transform the perpetrator to avoid recidivism. Further, in the eyes of justice, every one is equal. Justice does not show biases and favoritism. Thus, the punishing of a criminal is the duty of justice not for the sake of the

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 48

Summary - Assignment Example In this particular case, John Sweeney is found guilty of a double homicide of Mellissa Halstead and Paula Fields (Taylor, 2012). The article by Lamba on the other hand provides a guideline for tutors on how to improve the study of crime scenes in the classroom setting. The article clearly depicts the importance of a crime scenario in the determination of which methodology to use for the approach. Similar to a real crime scene, the classroom should have accurate tools and instruments for a CSI. This includes the proper division of responsibilities towards the specific objective of solving the crime. Generally, the article asserts that the proper approach towards studying a crime scene in the classroom is by providing accurate and real scenarios that contains all properties of a real crime scene (Lamba, 2013). Both articles share the same approach in analyzing a crime scene. Firstly, the two articles provide the importance of division of task in investigating a crime scene. In addition, each crime analysis should be done beyond any reasonable doubt by the crime scene manager. Evidence and document analysis should be done before a full report is done on the outcome of the investigation. Lamba, S. 2013. Forensic Science: How to Turn Your Classroom into a CSI Lab. The Guardian. Retrieved from

Questions and Answers on Intermolecular Forces Essay Example for Free

Questions and Answers on Intermolecular Forces Essay Intermolecular forces written response Hexane and Water do not mix. When the two substances are combined they separate into layers in the same manner oil and water do. Explain why this is? Well to begin with this, these two things are very dissimilar. Water is considered polar and secondly hexane is considered non-polar. Polar and non-polar cannot mix together they are to different substances. Polar solutes will dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes will dissolve in non-polar solvents, this is where the expression ‘like dissolves like’ comes from. When theses two substances are combined they form different layers and this is because hexane is denser then water. Another very important reason to remember is that water is only soluble with nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen. These two liquids are said to be immiscible. Water and oil will not mix for the same reason water is polar and oil is non-polar and for the same exact reason they are not mixable in a solution. Methane, ammonia and water are chemically similar. Yet the three substances have very different boiling points. Explain why this is true? This is due to the bonding between the molecules. The stronger they are the hotter you must make the liquid to cause it to boil. Intermolecular forces are the forces between the molecules of a substance. If a substance has very strong intermolecular forces, it is likely to be a solid, and if it has very weak intermolecular forces it is more likely to be a gas, and this is because there would be less attraction among the molecules (strong intermolecular force=more attraction between molecules). As you know, when you boil something, you are changing it from a liquid to a gas which means you would want to decrease the attraction among the molecules of the substance by adding energy. If a substance has intermolecular forces that are stronger, you would need more energy to overcome the forces which means it would have a higher boiling point (higher boiling point=higher temperature=more heat=more energy). The opposite is also true. If a substance has weaker intermolecular forces, less energy is required to decrease the attraction among the molecules and therefore it would have a lower boiling point. Ammonia and water have higher boiling points due to hydrogen bonding. Methane has a low boiling point because it belongs to the weakest London dispersion forces.

The Severve After Effects of Dropping out of high school

The Severve After Effects of Dropping out of high school Education is a powerful tool. It prepares students to be invaluable contributors to society. Without a high school education, young people are less likely to succeed academically, socially, and professionally. Sadly, millions of young people leave school without completing their minimum education requirements and thus do not graduate with a high school diploma. As a result, many adolescents experience the devastating aftereffects of their regrettable decision. Students who drop out of high school are more likely to: earn less than those who graduate, be unemployed, be on public assistance, and end up in prison (ERIC). Dropping out of high school culminates a long-term process of disengagement from school and has profound social and economic consequences for students, their families, their communities, and the entire nation (ERIC). America is facing a crisis of epidemic proportions with such a high percentage of students who do not complete their high school education. Dropping out of high school is a major life event that severely impacts students chances for subsequent educational and occupational opportunities (NCES). Recent NCES reports indicate that nationally about one-third of all students who enter high school do not graduate on time, if ever. Approximately 7,000 students drop out of high school daily, which translates to one in three students. Annually, that amounts to more than six million students dropping out of high schools across the nation. The U.S. Department of Education has called it an epidemic. The children are the future of America and should be our greatest resource. All children deserve an education that prepares them to be productive members of society who perform their civic and economic duties. As such, we should ensure they have every opportunity to succeed. Every individual in the country, state, city or municipality will reap the benefits of an educated citizenry. Therefore, everyones best interest would be served by ensuring that all children stay in school and receive an adequate education. Efforts towards dropout prevention will remediate students leaving high school prior to graduation. Prevention measures will serve these individuals, their school, their community, and the nation at large. This policy memo will provide an overview on the current state of the high school dropout problem nationwide and in Florida, particularly, Miami-Dade County. I will discuss (1) the number of school dropouts, (2) the reasons related to youth dropping out of school, (3) the consequences of dropping out and not finishing high school, and (4) dropout prevention programs and techniques. For this overview, I researched the Florida Department of Education summary information on graduation and dropout rates as well as proven dropout prevention and intervention programs and techniques. BACKGROUND The vast majority of students who fail to complete high school with their respective graduating class is comprised primarily of Blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans. Many of these students abandon school within two years of their projected graduation date. This tragic cycle has not substantially improved during the past few decades during which education reform has been high on the public agenda. During this time, as politicians and other elected officials purport to work at mitigating the high percentage of dropouts, the general public has been almost entirely unaware of the severity of the dropout problem due to inaccurate and inconsistent data. The consequences remain tragic. Students who drop out face a lifetime of consequences for this grave decision. Dropouts are more likely than their graduating peers to be: unemployed, living in poverty, receiving public assistance, incarcerated, of poor health, and single parents of children who drop out from high school themselves perpetuating this vicious cycle. Our local communities, as with the state and the nation, also suffer from this epidemic due to the loss of productive workers, loss of taxable wage base, and higher costs associated with increased percentages of incarceration, greater use of emergency health care services, and overwhelming reliance on social services. Despite repeated declarations by educators, politicians, and elected officials about the importance of addressing the dropout situation, the problem becomes more calamitous with every passing year. No Child Left Behind When President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) into law on January 8, 2002, he stated, Now is the time to ensure that every child learns. NCLB required states to use graduation rates to measure how well students were being educated. States were required to report to the federal government how well they met NCLB goals. Originally designed as an attempt by the federal government to hold the nations schools accountable for achieving high levels of educational proficiency for all students, NCLB has been adapted by the states in ways that fail to promote its objectives. Many states tended to manufacture basic data on graduation rates to comply with NCLB. Regrettably, NCLB placed excessive emphasis on solitary assessments that failed to assist educators improve their teaching. Needless to say, NCLB was unsuccessful in its attempt to educate students. The Dropout Crisis For most citizens, graduating from high school is the minimum standard of achievement needed for a successful future. A high school diploma can position a graduate to embark on a variety of pathways to personal, career, and social success that are generally not available to high school dropouts. The plight of the high school dropouts is extremely serious. By dropping out, these individuals considerably lessen their chances to secure a good profession. Without a diploma, dropouts face increasingly bleak career prospects tied largely to entry-level employment. They also may remain far behind in a technology-driven age where career adaptability is not simply a plus, but a requirement (NDPC/N). Graduation rates are a vital indication of how schools are performing. Recently, those rates have been meticulously examined, divulging the extent of the tragedy in Americas high schools. For decades, misleading or erroneous graduation rates were published by schools and school districts. Consequently, the American public knew little of the magnitude of the problems faced by several of the nations high schools. Many factors contribute to students dropping out of school, including poverty, low literacy and achievement levels, parenting responsibilities, and the need to immediately earn money through employment so that they can contribute financially to their impoverished families. Why Do Students Drop Out? While there is no single reason for why students drop out, research indicates that difficult transitions to high school, deficient basic skills, and a lack of engagement all serve as prominent barriers to graduation. Low attendance or failing grades are specific risk factors. Many students discover that their academic skills are insufficient for high school-level work and repeat ninth grade. Many students are not given the extra support they need to make a successful transition to high school and are lost in ninth grade. Lack of both academic and social engagement are integral components of dropping out Overall, far too many students are not graduating on time with a regular diploma; low-income students and minority students fare the worst in the dropout epidemic (Alliance for Excellent Education). More than half of the students who do not graduate on time are minorities. The graduation rate among minorities is as much as twenty-five percentage points below their white peers. Importance of not dropping out The high incidence of students dropping out poses a serious problem for the county, state, and country. Likewise, it creates deleterious consequences for the individual dropout. Consequences of dropping out identified by the General Accounting Office (GAO) include the following: As the pool of dropouts continues to grow, employment opportunities for them are more limited. The rate of engagement in high-risk behaviors such as premature sexual activity, early pregnancy, delinquency, crime, violence, alcohol and drug abuse, and suicide has been found to be significantly higher among dropouts. Dropouts are more likely than other citizens to draw on welfare and other social programs throughout their lives. Income differences between dropouts and other citizens can be expected to widen as the economy evolves. A growth of unskilled laborers in low-wage jobs will increase. As summarized by the GAO, the social costs of the dropout problem include an underskilled labor force, lower productivity, lost taxes, and increased public assistance and crime. Identifying Social Issues The Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER) suggests a focused approach must be undertaken with the purpose of successfully combating the problem of adolescents dropping out of high school. Particularly, this would entail identifying pronounced social indicators that are interrelated with the countys dropout problem. These characteristics help determine individuals who require the most intervention and accordingly implement programs committed to keeping them in school. According to CBER, three factors should be considered. Firstly, social groupings of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status pictures of at-risk youths emerge. Hispanics, Native Americans, and African-Americans had the highest dropout rates in the state and were more likely of dropping out. Secondly, problematic social environments and inappropriate behavior can be used in identifying at-risk youth. Juvenile delinquency and behavioral problems in school are indicators of potential dropouts. Lastly, academic per formance is a key component in identifying potential dropouts. Grade retention and its effect on self-esteem can be detrimental. DROPOUT PREVENTION PROGRAMS STRATEGIES Many of the proposed solutions recommended to combat the problem of high school dropouts focus on dealing with the social issues that teenagers encounter on a daily basis. The solutions heavily target at-risk youth, making sure they have the necessary tools and guidance to successfully complete their education. The following is a more sketchy examination of some of the most widely proposed programs. Information is comprised of data from Center for Business and Economic Research. Intervention at an Early Age The Oregon School Board Association advocates working with children at a young age to teach the importance of staying in school. Schools in Oregon have led the way in the development of effective programs for their students. One of the programs they have pioneered begins in the third grade. The Importance of School Environment Building strong and stable school environments is a necessary factor in the development of specific programs for children who need specialized attention. It is important to start with the essential elements of a sound school environment, beginning with the organization of the administration and ending with the overall school culture. Alternative Education Programs There are some students for whom traditional high schools simply do not work. For example, for teenagers who need to work to support themselves or their family, or for young girls facing pregnancy, going to school during the day may simply not be feasible. Thus, one idea that has been introduced is for school districts to offer alternative high schools. Dropout Prevention Programs As mandated by the Florida Department of Education (FDOE), dropout prevention programs in Florida were created to: Provide families, communities, and school districts with strategies and resources to continue increasing the number of students who graduate from Floridas schools. Provide school districts with alternative strategies, such as unique teaching techniques, learning activities, and assessment procedures. Provide positive options for building and strengthening curriculums in order to prevent students from dropping out of school. Dropout prevention is a complicated endeavor and must involve a wide range of services to tackle a wide range of problems. There are multiple pathways to dropping out of school, and therefore, any dropout prevention program should have a multi-faceted strategy to serve a wide range of students who are at-risk of dropping out. (ICF and NDPC/N). RECOMMENDATION The key to early intervention is at birth to five years. This is a critical point in the lives of children in which to foster a lifelong love of learning, respect for academia, and confidence in their academic abilities. In doing so, by definition requires the involvement of parents. For parents who rely heavily on social services, there should be a mandate that they volunteer a certain number of hours in the childs school and classroom and participate in parenting classes. Studies have shown that birth to five-year-old students who have parents involved in their education and learning process fare better in their early education, which leads to better overall success in school. With this age group, critical thinking, enhancement of motor skills, cognitive learning, and experiential learning are all crucial to establishing a broad foundation for lifelong academic excellence. Continued parental involvement coupled with adequately staffed and funded schools, and teachers who are engaged and engaging students, all contribute towards long-term success in school. My recommendation is a program that provides students at an early age, similar to Oregons initiative with the necessary tools to foster academic achievement as well as personal and social growth. The program would provide tutoring, homework support, mentoring activities, extended and individual classroom learning, parental involvement, and community support. The main goals of the program, increasing the graduation rate, reducing the number of high school dropouts, and targeting at-risk youth most likely to drop out; will be accomplished. Todays high school needs greater innovation, increased student engagement, and a rich and rigorous curriculum that is more educationally meaningful for students (ASCD). IMPLEMENTATION BENEFITS The California Dropout Research Project declares: Education affords benefits to both individuals and society. Individuals with more education earn higher incomes, are healthier, are less likely to be involved in criminal activities, and are less likely to be on welfare. Additionally, better-educated persons pay more in taxes and enable reductions in government spending on health, crime, and welfare. Therefore, the state and citizens should make certain that all children graduate and finish school with an adequate education. Moving even just one student from dropout status to graduate status will make positive contributions to the economy. Implementation of the proposed policy will be beneficial to Miami-Dade County and the entire State of Florida. It will allow youngsters to successfully learn, stay in school and prepare for life. It will enable educators and parents to be on alert and identify potential signs of behavior that would indicate the student is in danger of dropping out of school. The assistance of parents, teachers, community leaders, and elected officials; will enable students to improve their grades, attendance, and behavior overall. This strategy will instill the importance of education and the benefits of obtaining a high school diploma. A high school education includes the knowledge and skills required to improve an individuals quality of life, to become a more productive citizen, and to improve their income-earning potential. Reduction of the number of local students who fail to graduate on time would exponentially increase economic factors such as individual earnings, spending and investment, tax revenue, and human capital. CONCLUSION Education is an investment in human capital. It provides the foundation for successful academic study, for lifelong learning, and for carrying out the duties of citizenship. Our high school students face significant challenges. Many teenagers drop out of school every year. Reasons for students dropping out are numerous and oftentimes complex. The alarming dropout rates that sentence young people to joblessness and poverty must be turned around.  Retaining students is an enormous problem for many schools; however, students must be convinced to stay in school and learn skills that will allow them to compete and contribute to our economy. Without a high school diploma, young people are less likely to succeed in the workforce.  Solving the dropout epidemic should result in a significant number of actual dropouts, a skilled workforce, and an improved economy. The State of Florida, specifically Miami-Dade County, has a serious problem to confront within its public-education system. Florida has a bleak record pertaining to dropout prevention efforts. Therefore, it is imperative that citizens acquaint themselves with the issues associated with high school dropouts in order to effectively address the problem. Sometimes it is difficult to identify young people who need assistance. However, social factors can be used to identify at-risk youth. Once identified, proven and successful programs used around the country that aim at getting children through school, can be implemented. Certainly, it is up to the citizenry of the state to prevent their children from leaving high school. RELAION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The incorporation of results-based accountability, as well as, merit pay and performance bonuses that school districts across the nation are gradually adopting, reflects NPM in public education. A reform initiative, such as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), is a prime example of New Public Management (NPM) concept being applied to education. NCLB illustrates an attempt by policymakers to employ techniques of NPM and to impose more tightly coupled policy restrictions on the educational system. These techniques are applied to the management and operation of schools. SOURCES ASCD (formerly the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ). ASCD High School Reform Proposal from http://www.ascd.org/public-policy/High-School-Reform/High-School-Reform-Summary.aspx Alliance for Excellent Education. Factsheet. Available online at: http://www.all4ed.org/files/GraduationRates_FactSheet.pdf California Dropout Research Project. The Economic Losses from High School Dropouts in California. Available online at: http://www.cbcse.org/media/download_gallery/Belfield%20and%20LevinCDRP%20Policy%20Brief%201.pdf Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER). Nevada Kids Count: Addressing the High School Dropout Epidemic Policy Brief. Retrieved November 31, 2010, from http://kidscount.unlv.edu/2002/dropouts.pdf College Board Advocacy Policy Center, The College Completion Agenda: State Policy Guide. http://completionagenda.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/reports_pdf/Policy_Rec_Three.pdf Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) Document Reproduction Service). School Characteristics Related to High School Dropout Rates found at www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=EJ785964 Florida Department of Education. Available online at: http://www.fldoe.org. Institute of Education Sciences (IES). Available online at: ies.ed.gov ICF International and National Dropout Prevention Center/Network (NDPC/N). Best Practices in Dropout Prevention. Available at: http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/comm/leg_reports/bpdp_finalreport_20081219_toTEA.pdf National Center for Education Statistics. US Department of Education. Effective Strategies. Available online at: www.nces.ed.gov National Dropout Prevention Center Network. Clemson University. Available online at: www.DropoutPrevention.org National Governors Association. Graduation Counts: A Report of the National Governors Association Task Force on State High School Graduation Data. 2005. Washington, D.C. No Child Left Behind (NCLB). U.S. Department of Education. 1 Apr. 2003. . U.S. Department of Education. (1995). Educational programs that work: Dropout prevention/alternative programs (archived information). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EPTW/eptw3/index.html U.S. Department of Education. (1996). Manual to combat truancy (archived information). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from http://www.ed.gov/pubs/Truancy/index.html U.S. General Accounting Office. (2002). School dropouts: Education could play a stronger role in identifying and disseminating promising prevention strategies (Report GAO-02-240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved November 31, 2010, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02240.pdf

Alzheimer’s Disease Case Study

Alzheimer’s Disease Case Study B. Trimble Case Study M. T. an 86-year-old Asian male is brought into the geriatric clinic by his daughter because he is becoming more forgetful. The daughter explains that the patient often does not even recognize his own grandson. When asked, however, the patient denies memory impairment. The daughter states that her father has been having trouble for almost four years now. She said she did not realize how much her father had changed until she watched a home video of her father with his grandson from six years ago. â€Å"His personality has even seemed to have changed, said the daughter. M.T. is no longer able to take care of his house and household chores and is sometimes slow to respond to questions. Past Medical History Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) with the last occurrence three years ago. Social History Retired sanitation worker times fifteen years. Lives with his daughter since his wife died five years ago. Previous cigarette smoker quit fifteen years ago. Denies ethyl alcohol (ETOH), and intravenous drug abuse. Family History Father died in combat in Korea Mother died at age 92, unknown cause Medications and allergies NKDA Prevacid 30 mg orally once daily Mylanta 30 ml orally as needed for stomach upset Aspirin EC 81 mg orally once daily Tylenol 325 mg orally as needed for headache Physical Examination General – patient is a thin, pleasant man, with working memory in no acute distress. Vital signs – BP 145/78 , pulse 80 RR 17 , WT 70 kg , Ht 6’2† BMI 19.8 HEENT- Pupils PERLA Ears with cerumen Neck no bruit no JVD Cardiovascular – Normal sinus rhythm, S1 S2, negative for S3/S4, resp RRR Neuro – Aox1 (Oriented to person only), CN – XII – XII intact, reflex normal Abdomen – positive bowel sounds, non-tender, non-distended External – WNL, no clubbing, cyanosis, or edema Laboratory Tests Albumin – (3.6-5 g/dL) 3.6g/dL total protein – (6.3-8.2g/dL) 6.8g/dL Alk Phos – (38-126U/L) 41U/L ALT – (7-58 U/L) 21 U/L AST – (7-58 U/L) 21 U/L bilirubin – (0.2-1.3ug/dL) 0.3ug/dL BUN – (8-25mg/dL) 11mg/dL HgB – (13.2-15.2 g/dL) 13.5g/dL SCr- (0.5-1.4mg/dL) 0.7mg/dL Hct (40-52%) 39% Na+ (134- 146 mEq/dL) 136 mEq/dL Plts – (140-450 mm3) 300,000/mm2 Cl-(98-107mEq/dL) 103 mEq/dL WBC – (4.1-10.9mm3) 8700/mm2 Bicarb – (22-26 mEq/dL) 24 mEq/dL ESR – ( Glucose – (65-110mg/dL) 101mg/dL B12 – (223-1132 pg. /ml) 452pg/ml Ca- (8.9-10.4 mEq/dL) 8.5 mEq/dL folate – (3.6-20ng/dL) 6.4ng/dL Mag – (1.6-2.4mEq/dL)1.9 mEq/dLFTI – (4-11) 6.3 Phos (2.5-4.5 mg/dL) 3.3 mg/dLT3 – (75-220ng/dL) 101ng/dL Cholesterol- (T4 – (4-11mEq/dL) 6.1 mEq/dL TSH – (0.35-6.2 microU/uL) 2.0 micro Unit/uLRPR – non-reactive Radiology Testing CT scan impression mild cortical atrophy Diagnosis Dementia (senile dementia) is a syndrome rather than a distinct disease entity. It is usually progressive and irreversible. It is characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that may include losses of memory, abstract reasoning, judgment, and impulse control, as well as changes in personality. It is usually subtle in onset and often progresses slowly until symptoms are very obvious and profoundly devastating. The three most common dementias are Alzheimer’s disease, multi-infarct dementia, and a mixed Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia (Cayton, Graham, Warner, 2004). Alzheimer’s disease is sometimes called primary degenerative dementia or senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. It accounts for at least 80 percent of all the dementias suffered by the elderly (Whalley, Lawrence, Breitner, 2009). It is a progressive, irreversible, degenerative neurologic disease of unknown origin that begins insidiously. The highest incidence is among persons 65 years and older with increasing incidence after age 70. The life expectancy following the diagnosis varies from six to twenty years (Whalley, Lawrence, Breitner, 2009). The etiology of the disease is unknown, but there are specific neuropathologic and biochemical changes. These include neurofibrillary tangles and senile or neuritic plaques. This neuronal damage occurs primarily in the cerebral cortex and results in decreased brain size. These changes are found to a lesser extent in normal brain tissue of older adults. Cells principally affected by this disease are the ones that use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Biochemically, the enzyme active in producing acetylcholine is decreased. Acetylcholine is specifically involved in memory processing (Whalley, Lawrence, Breitner, 2009). Clinical manifestation Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are highly variable. Early in the disease, forgetfulness and subtle memory loss occur, but the victim has adequate cognitive function to hide the loss. Social skills and behavior patterns remain intact; problems are difficult to detect on casual observation (Cayton, Graham, Warner, 2004). With further progression of the disease there is an inability to conceal the deficits. Forgetfulness is manifested in many daily actions. The victim may lose his way in a familiar environment. He may repeat the same stories because he forgets that he told them. Reasoning and reality orientation by caregivers increase the patient’s anxiety without increasing function, because this is also forgotten (Cayton, Graham, Warner, 2004). Conversations become difficult because the victim forgets what he was about to say or may not be able to remember words. Ability to formulate concepts and think abstractly disappears (Cayton, Graham, Warner, 2004). The person can interpret a proverb only in concrete terms. The victim is often unable to appreciate the consequences of his actions and will therefore exhibit impulsive behavior. He will have difficulty with everyday activities such as working simple appliances and handling money (Cayton, Graham, Warner, 2004). Personality changes are usually negative. The patient may become depressed, suspicious, paranoid, hostile, and even combative (Whalley, Lawrence, Breitner, 2009). Progression of the disease intensifies the symptoms. Speaking skills deteriorate to nonsense syllables; agitation and physical activity increase. A voracious appetite often develops because of the high activity level. The patient may wander at night for hours. Eventually he will need help in all areas of personal care including toileting and eating; dysphagia occurs and incontinence develops. The terminal stage may last for months (Cayton, Graham, Warner, 2004). Treatment Treatment for dementia of the Alzheimer’s type will be Aricept 5 mg once daily at bedtime. After four weeks symptoms will be reviewed, and titration to ten mg once daily may be initiated, depending upon results. Maximum dosage of 23 mg daily if needed after three months of 10-mg treatments (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Follow up in office in four weeks. Discontinued use of Prevacid, as the medication is implicated in low platelet, WBC, HgB and Hct, calcium, and B12 levels (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Follow-up blood work in four weeks, should include CBC with differential, CMP, liver panel, weight, and blood pressure. Patient is borderline hypertensive and increase in fluid volume may correct this issue. Patient should be encouraged to change diet to a high-protein diet with adequate hydration. If platelet count and WBC count continue to be below normal a hematology consult will be discussed. Referral to Alzheimer’s support group will be given to the daughter. References Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Cayton, H., Graham, N., Warner, J. (2004). Dementia: Alzheimers and other dementias: At your fingertips guide (2 ed.). London: Class. Katzung, B., Mastes, S., Trevor, A. (2012). Basic clinical pharmacology (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Whalley, L., Lawrence, J., Breitner, J. (2009). Dementia (2 ed.). Health Press.

Feudalism :: European Europe History

Feudalism Essay: Explain the reasons and process of Feudalism. Feudalism came to as a government containing kings, vassals, knights, lords, lesser lords, and peasants. Feudalism is a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their lands among lesser lords in exchange for military services and pledged loyalty. It came to as a need for control over peasants and protection from the Muslims and the Magyars. The relationship between lords and vassals was established by customs and traditions. A lord granted his vassal fief or land, which ranged from a few hundred acres to a square mile in which it included peasants to work the land. The vassal pledged loyalty and military service to his lord. Besides granting an estate, Lords also promised to protect their vassals in return vassals pledged 40 days military service each year and certain money payments in advance each year. Everyone had a place in a feudal society. Below the Monarchs were the most powerful lords-Dukes and Counts- who held the largest fiefs. Each of these lords had vassals in turn they had their own vassals. Sometimes a lord was also a vassal to a more powerful lord but had less powerful ones below him. Because vassals often held fiefs from more than one lord feudal relationships grew very complex. A vassal who pledged loyalty to several lords could have serious problems if his lords quarreled with one and other. The manor was the heart of a lord's estate. On this land the peasants worked to farm crops. Most manors included more than one village. Most peasants who worked the manor were serfs, who were bound to the land. Serfs were not slave but were not free. They could not leave the manor without the lord's permission and if the manor was granted to a new lord the serfs went with it. Mutual rights and responsibilities tied peasants and their lords together. Peasants had to work seven days a week farming the lord's domain.

Gertrude Stein Essay -- Biography Essays

Gertrude Stein Gertrude Stein is one of the most celebrated authors and patrons of the arts. She encouraged, influenced and aided many literary and artistic figures through her support, investment and writings. Stein was born on February 3, 1874 into upper middle class surroundings in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. When she was 3 years old the family moved to Vienna and then on to Paris before returning to America in late 1878. Gertrude and her brother Leo became very close although he was two years her senior. They found like interests and became devoted allies through much of their early lives. Stein was eight years old when she made her first attempt at writing. Reading became an obsession for her beginning with Shakespeare and books on natural history.[2] In school she was fascinated with the structuring of sentences. She once said, â€Å""I suppose other things may be more exciting to others...I like the feeling the everlasting feeling of sentences as they diagram themselves.[3]" In 1904 she moved in with her brother Leo at 27 Rue de Fleurus which would become the meeting place of many writers, artists, critics and people drawn by her reputation. Her brother and she also began collecting paintings by Renoir, Gaughain, Picasso (who later painted her portrait), Cezanne, Baraque, Matisse and others[4]. The â€Å"Salon,† as their home came to be called, had paintings literally covering every wall. They had dinner parties every Saturday night and the â€Å"Salon† became a sanctuary for artists and writers. It became so popular that Stein had to begin writing late at night after all the other guests had departed. Her literary and artistic judgments were revered, and her chance remarks could make or destroy reputations.[5] A... ...bdominal pains which would be diagnosed as colon cancer a few months later. She was rushed to the hospital on July 19, 1946 and made her will on the 23rd leaving the bulk of her estate to Alice. On the 27th before being wheeled into emergency surgery her last words were spoken to Alice. "What is the answer? ...without a reply, "In that case...what is the question[11]?" [1] Gertrude Stein-brief biography, http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/stein-bio.html 2 The World of Gertrude Stein, http://ellensplace.net/gstein5.html [3] Ibid [4] Ibid [5] Gertrude Stein-brief biography, http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/stein-bio.html [6] The World of Gertrude Stein, http://ellensplace.net/gstein5. [7] Ibid [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10] Gertrude Stein-brief biography, http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/stein-bio.html [11] Ibid

Handling of information in social care settings Essay

1.1 Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in social care. The Data Protection Act 1998 controls how your personal information is used by organisations, businesses and the government. Everyone responsible for using data or storing data has to follow strict rules called ‘Data protection principles’ these are as follows: Used fairly and lawfully used for specifically stated purposes kept for no longer than is absolutely necessary kept safe and secure Not transferred outside the UK without adequate protection For more sensitive information such as ethnic background, political opinions, religious beliefs, health, sexual health and criminal records there is stronger legal protection. The Freedom of information act 2000 provides public access to information held by public authorities. Public authorities are obliged to publish certain information about the activities and members of the public are entitled to request information from public authorities. The Act covers any recorded information that is held by a public authority in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and by UK-wide public authorities based in Scotland. Information held by Scottish public authorities is covered by Scotland’s own Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. Public Authorities include Government departments, local authorities, the NHS, state schools and the police force. Recorded information includes printed documents, computer files, letters, emails, photographs, and sound or video  recordings. The Act does not give people access to their own personal data such as their health records or credit reference file. If a member of the public wants to see information that a public authority holds about them, they should make a subject access request under the Data Protection Act 1998. 1.2 Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a social care setting. The various Acts of Parliament that relate to the handling, storing and sharing of information include amongst others The Data Protection Act 1998, Mental Capacity Act 2005, Human Rights Act 1998, Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. It is important to have secure system for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting as all information relating to clients must be kept confidential at all times except when we are legally required to disclose this information, for example, when a court warrant has been issued requesting certain information. Information on Care Home clients and in house information is valuable and critical to the business of the Home. We all rely on information to store and process information, so it is essential that we maintain Information Security, Insecure information can lead to: †¢ Violation of an individual’s human and civil rights; action or deliberate inaction that results in neglect and/or physical, sexual, emotional or financial harm. Abuse can be perpetrated by one or more people (either known or not known to the victim) or can take the form of institutional abuse within an organisation; it can be a single or a repeated act. †¢ The extent to which people are able to receive the information, services or care they need and are not discouraged from seeking help. Issues involved include distance of travel; physical access (e.g. premises suitable for wheelchairs); communication (e.g. information in Braille/large print and other formats); and the provision of culturally appropriate services. Outcome 2 know how to access support for handling information in social care settings. 2.1 Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information. There are many ways to access guidance and information, and advice on handling information, the first people you would speak to are your managers, seniors, office staff and work colleges, they will know where information is kept, how to access that information and how to input information in the future. They will also be able to tell you what sort of information is confidential, what information can be shared and how to do this in a professional manner. You will also be able to find out all this by using the internet reading up in books and attending more training. 2.2 Explain what actions to take when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information. Information recorded in a patient’s records is confidential under both common law and the Data Protection Act 1998, and must be protected by health and social care staff. Systems for the safe storage of records must be in place, and no†one should have access to the records or the information contained therein unless they are directly involved in the care of the client, or the client has given permission. Under the Data Protection Act clients can have access to their records, subject to a situation where disclosure is likely to cause serious harm to the physical or mental health or condition of the client or any other person. If you find out any activities that are harmful to the client, staff or the home itself you must report these, some examples are. Illegal activities Miscarriages of justice Risks to health and safety Abuse of clients Misuse of public funds Fraud and corruption Damage to the environment Public Disclosure Act. The Public Interest Disclosure Act provides workers with protection from dismissal or other damage as a result of making a disclosure of information in the public interest about wrongdoing at work. Such disclosures are protected if they are done according to the Act’s provisions. Disclosures may be made to the employer, prescribed regulatory bodies or on a wider basis to the Police. The Act’s protection is strongest where workers raise matters with their employers.

Apush Chapter Notes

Although they shared similarities, the Northern and Southern colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries also had many differences. The diversity of the United States goes back to its beginning as a collection of northern and southern colonies. Their differences in religion, politics, economics, and social issues, and the way they dealt with them, are what shaped our country into what we are today. Religion in the southern colonies was not practiced with the enthusiasm that it was in New England. While most colonists of the south were Anglicans, they were more focused on their tobacco plantations. The same was true for the Catholic founders of Maryland. As their population grew, Protestants began to outnumber Catholics, though the Catholics continued to hold the power and influence. Just as in the other southern colonies, religion eventually took a back seat to tobacco in Maryland. Politics in the colonies were as different as their religious preferences. Seventeenth century New England was governed by Puritans. They governed the colonies with a General Court. The southern colonies, like Virginia, were ruled by the House of Burgesses. A large majority of the southern colonies followed the Virginia model of government. Northern colonial society was based on the Puritan religion. Community leaders attempted to form a completely pious society and to eliminate sin from within its boundaries. Those that did not conform were cast out or met with ridicule and violence, as is evident by the Salem witch trials. Southern colonists were mostly farmers with small plots of land that were maintained by family members and possibly a couple servants. Eventually, the mortality rate in the colonies began to decrease and most indentured servants survived long enough to be free. This caused a class system to develop that polarized the social structure of the south. Although they shared many similarities, and the prompt suggests that the Northern and Southern colonies were more similar than different, it seems clear that there were also many difference between the two. They had religious differences, they had political differences, they had economic and social differences. These differences prove the validity of the prompt’s statement to be wrong.

Maslow Hierarchy Speech

Topic: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Specific Purpose: The purpose is to allow the audience to understand how true happiness, or self-actualization, can be achieved. Introduction Attention Materials: Many times I have wondered what is true happiness. Is there such thing as true happiness? Can it even be attained if there is such a thing? Is it more of fulfilling desires, or satisfying psychological needs? Every person attempts to realize happiness in its fullest essence. It seems like today people are too busy trying to get rich. Nowadays it is believed that happiness lies in that new mansion, or a nice Ferrari.People are mistakingly assuming that wealth will bring to them a personal significance in which they will achieve happiness. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs actually limits the relationship between happiness and material possessions. Abraham Harold Maslow is a humanist psychologist who taught at Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research and Columbia University. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a â€Å"bag of symptoms. † It is believed that happiness, or self-actualization as Abraham Maslow calls it, is more of a mental and psychological thing.If you’re a psychology major you probably heard the term a couple of times, but I’d like to expand a little more about it. Thesis Statement: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explains that happiness is achieved through a series of steps. Preview: We will look through the steps suggested by Abraham Maslow in order to achieve true happiness. (First, lets talk about the first step of the hierarchy, the most basic of human needs. ) Body I. Maslow’s Hierarchy consists of five levels. A. Physiological needs, which are basic human needs such as hunger, thirst, and avoidance of pain. . For the most part, physiological needs are obvious – they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function. 2. Physiological needs are the most prepotent of all the other needs. Therefore, the human that lacks food, love, esteem, or safety would consider the food the most important. B. Safety needs, such as the need for secure housing and protection from weather. 1. With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. 2.In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, or, in cases of family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people experience post-traumatic stress disorder. 3. This level is more likely to be found in children because they have a greater need to feel safe. C. Love and Belongingness, such as emotional intimacy, friendships, and social connections. 1. After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are interpersonal and involve feelings of belongingness . 2. People have an emotional need that they need to fulfill, and without this there will be a gap in the persons psychological wellbeing.D. Esteem Needs, such as the need for the respect of one’s peers, status, or approval. 1. All humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. 2. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. E. Last, but not least, Self-Actualization, which is the fulfillment of ones individual potential. 1. Since no two people are exactly alike, the drive for self-actualization leads people in different directions. . For some, self-actualization may mean creating works of art; for others, striving on the playing field, in the classroom, or in the corporate setting. 3. Not all of us climb to the top of the hierarchy; we don’t all achieve self-actualization. II. However, our needs may not be ordered in a fixed manner, as Maslow would suggest. A. An artist might go for days with little if any nourishment in order to complete a new work. B. People may limit constrain their social life to focus their energies on seeking status or prestige in their careers. C.Maslow might counter that eventually the emptiness of their emotional lives would motivate them to fill the gap. D. Despite its limitations, Maslow’s model leads us to recognize that human behavior is motivated by higher pursuits as well as satisfaction of basic needs. (Transition: Now what does this all mean? ) III. This means that in order to actually attain happiness, a person must achieve psychological, as well as physical needs to the fullest extent of their capabilities. A. Most of us college students are in the Esteem level. 1. We all have our group of friends that we meet up with after class, or on the weekends. . And we are working on this college degree, which would one day hopefully lead us to a satisfying career. 3. What are we here for? We are here to gain prestige and achieve as much as we can to prove to others and ourselves that we are fulfilling our potential. B. When we get that position we are looking for or have a job that brings status as well as stability to our lives, then we can move on to achieving the highest level of happiness. 1. After you start a family and have a stable career to support your family with, you can begin to look for the next level of the hierarchy. 2.That next level of hierarchy is actually realizing that you are at that level. 3. Looking back at your life realizing that you have all the other levels satisfied brings peace to your mind. 4. Bringing yourself to the highest level you can as a human being, or fulfilling your potential is what brings you that ultimate happiness. 5. Knowing that you did the most you can, as a human being will allow you relax and achieve that happiness. 6. After all, all this work and efforts your putting into school is really just in order to reach a point in life where you are satisfied with what you have done.

Calvin Klein Marketing Strategies Essay

Calvin Klein Inc. is a fashion brand founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein. The company is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and currently owned by Phillips-Van Heusen. Like other fashion brands, Calvin Klein established a world famous monogram: the â€Å"cK† emblem. Statistics: Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation Incorporated: 1967 as Calvin Klein Ltd. Employees: 900 Sales: $170 million (2001 est.) NAIC: 315232 Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Blouse and Shirt Manufacturing; 315233 Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Dress Manufacturing; 315234 Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Suit, Coat, Tailored Jacket, and Skirt Manufacturing; 315999 Other Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing Company Perspectives: We believe our expertise in brand management, product design, sourcing, and other logistics provides us with the ability to successfully expand product offerings and distribution under the Calvin Klein brands while preserving the brands’ prestige and global presence. As a result, we believe we have the opportunity to realize sales growth and enhanced profitability. Key Dates: 1968: The Calvin Klein brand is launched. 1973: Klein wins his first Coty American Fashion Critics Award. 1979: Calvin Klein controls one-fifth of the designer jeans market. 1982: Klein enters the underwear business. 1985: A new perfume called Obsession is launched with a $17 million advertising campaign. 1989: A Unilever Co. subsidiary purchases the Calvin Klein cosmetics/fragrance line. 1994: A unisex fragrance, cKone, is introduced; the company’s underwear business is licensed to Warnaco Group Inc. 2000: Klein files suit against Warnaco Group and its CEO Linda Wachner. 2003: Calvin Klein is acquired by Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation. Company History: Calvin Klein, Inc., designs, licenses, and, in some cases, produces clothing, accessories, fragrances, and home furnishings bearing the name of designer Calvin Klein. Since its inception, the company was a partnership between Klein and his childhood friend Barry Schwartz. Named by Time magazine in 1996 as one of the 25 most influential Americans, Klein made his impact not only by designing but also by marketing his wares through high visibility and often controversial advertisements created by the company’s in-house agency, CRK Advertising. In 2002, worldwide retail sales of Calvin Klein products surpassed $3 billion. Most of these goods were manufactured and sold by other companies under license–licensed products account for over 90 percent of company revenue. After three years of shopping around for a buyer, Schwartz and Klein inked a deal with Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation, the largest shirtmaker in the United States. The $430 million transaction was completed in F ebruary 2003. Rocketing to Stardom in the 1970s Born and raised in New York City’s borough of the Bronx, Calvin Richard Klein decided he wanted to be a fashion designer at an early age. After graduating from the Fashion Institute of Technology in 1963, he worked for women’s coat and suit manufacturers in Manhattan’s garment district before opening his own business in 1968. A childhood friend, Barry Schwartz, loaned him $10,000 in start-up money and joined the firm a month later, after the family supermarket in Harlem that Schwartz had inherited was gutted in the riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King. Klein rented a dingy showroom to exhibit a small line of samples. His big break came when a vice-president at Bonwit Teller stopped at the wrong floor of the building, liked what he saw, and invited Klein to bring his samples to the president’s office. Klein wheeled the rack of clothes uptown personally and won an order of $50,000 (retail) on the spot. Bonwit’s gave the merchandise impressive exposure, with window displays in its flagship Fifth Avenue store and full-page ads in the New York Times. Soon after, Calvin Klein was besieged by orders. The fledgling company booked $1 million worth of business in its first year, reaching sales volume of $5 million by 1971. Klein mainly designed women’s coats and two-piece suits until 1972, when he began concentrating on sporty sweaters, skirts, dresses, shirts, and pants that could be mixed and matched for a complete wardrobe. The clothing featured  the simplicity of line, muted earth tones, and classic fabrics that characterized his work and gave it an air of understated elegance. Klein won a Coty American Fashion Critics Award–fashion’s Oscar–in 1973. He received an unprecedented third consecutive Coty Award for women’s wear in 1975 and, at age 32, was elected to the group’s Hall of Fame. That fiscal year (ending June 30, 1975) the firm shipped $12 million worth of merchandise, including swimsuits and dresses. It earned another $2 million to $6 million from licensing furs, umbrellas, sheets, shoes, scarves, belts, dresses, sunglasses, suedes, and patterns. Klein not only designed every item carrying his name but closely watched every step of the production process. Company revenues rose to $40 million in fiscal 1976 and a startling $90 million in 1977. Because its prices were generally below those of its two major competitors, Ralph Lauren and Anne Klein, the firm won the loyalty of young working women as well as older, wealthier buyers. Calvin Klein merchandise was so hot that the company could pick and choose among stores that wanted to carry the company’s products and blackball those that dared to try to return unsold goods. Seven hundred buyers and reporters were turned away from Klein’s fall 1978 fashion show; the buyers who got in placed $28 million worth of orders within 48 hours. Klein introduced his first menswear collection in 1978, telling the New York Times Magazine that he approached men’s clothing â€Å"with the same philosophy as the women’s. They’re for Americans who like simple, comfortable but stylish clothes–but with nothing over scale or extreme.† No less than 779 fabrics were used in the European-produced collection, which ranged from neckties to suits and overcoats. The production and sale of most of the men’s clothing was licensed to Bidermann Industries. Also in 1978, Calvin Klein introduced his own line of fragrances and a complete makeup collection of 18 beauty and skin-care products that stressed neutral colors to give the face a natural effect. However, the lightweight, rosy perfume (at $85 an ounce) needed to anchor the collection never caught on with the public. The fragrance and cosmetics business was sold to Minnetonka, Inc. in 1980. Calvin Klein jeans, by contrast, were to become the company’s biggest hit. Klein’s first attempt, in 1976, to capitalize on the designer-jeans craze–at $50 a pair–was a failure. The following year, however, his company cu t a deal to design the product for Puritan Fashions Corp., the largest dress  manufacturer in the world. Klein raised the groin in his jeans to accentuate the crotch and pulled the seam up between the buttocks to give the rear more shape. A Times Square billboard of model Patti Hansen on her hands and knees, her derriere arched skyward and the Calvin Klein label on her right hip visible, caused a sensation and remained in place for four years. By 1979, Calvin Klein was second to Gloria Vanderbilt in designer-jeans sales, with one-fifth of the market. A company spokesman observed, â€Å"The tighter they are, the better they sell.† The biggest lift to Calvin Klein’s jeans was the television campaign directed by Richard Avedon that featured 15-year-old model/actress Brooke Shields provocatively posed in a skin-tight pair of Calvin Klein jeans. In the best-remembered spot, she pronounced, â€Å"Do you know what comes between me and my Calvins? Nothing.† In another she declared, â€Å"I’ve got seven Calvins in my closet, and if they could talk, I’d be ruined.† These suggestions of underage sexuality struck a public nerve and, following a flood of complaints, the New York flagship stations of all three networks banned the two ads from the air. Klein could shrug off the criticism because sales of his jeans were then climbing to two million pairs a month. He added a jeans-inspired collection that included shirts, skirts, and jackets, also licensed to Puritan. These products accounted for about $100 million in sales in 1980. Branching Out in the 1980s In 1982, Calvin Klein entered the underwear business, once again exploiting the allure of youth in provocative poses to push the product. Photographer Bruce Weber’s beefcake ads featured a brawny Olympic pole vaulted in various states of well-endowed undress. When the company rented space in 25 New York bus shelters to display advertising posters featuring the underwear, all 25 had their glass shattered and posters stolen overnight. The follow-up was predictable–a line of women’s underwear featuring male-style briefs and boxer shorts that retained the fly front. Both campaigns were hits. The men’s line was part of the Bidermann license, which lapsed in 1987, while the women’s skivvies so outstripped Calvin Klein’s own manufacturing capabilities that in 1984 this division was sold to Kayser Roth Corp., a unit of Gulf & Western Industries, for about $11.2 million. Calvin Klein continued to design and create advertising for women’s underw ear, later adding hosiery and sleepwear lines. In 1982, Puritan Fashions–9 percent  owned by Klein and Schwartz–had sales of $245.6 million, of which licensed Calvin Klein products accounted for about 94 percent, earning $15.6 million in royalties for the firm. However, Puritan’s finances deteriorated as the designer-jeans boom ended and so, to protect their investment, in late 1983 Klein and Schwartz bought almost all the shares they did not already hold for $65.8 million in a leveraged buyout, with a Puritan subsidiary financing the purchase by taking out bank loans. The consolidated companies were renamed Calvin Klein Industries. After Puritan lost $11.3 million in 1984, Calvin Klein Industries placed $80 million in high-yield bonds (so-called junk bonds) through Michael Milken of Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., mostly to keep Puritan afloat. Registration statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the junk bonds Calvin Klein issued afforded the public a rare look at the finances of the closely held enterprise. Calvin Klein Industries had 1984 revenue of $258.2 million and net income of $17.2 million, with Klein and Schwartz each collecting $12 million in salary, dividends, and other distributions. Puritan returned to profitability in 1985, earning $12.4 million. Nevertheless, Calvin Klein Industries had huge payments to make on its big junk-bond debt, and this financial problem seemed to be taking a toll on the designer. â€Å"Every color choice became life or death,† he later told Newsweek, â€Å"because doing everything as well as possible meant survival.† In 1988, he spent a month at the Hanley Hazelden Center in Minnesota to receive treatment for drug and alcohol addiction. When Minnetonka launched a new perfume called Obsession–at $170 an ounce–in 1985, Calvin Klein created a heavy-breathing print and TV campaign that cost more than $17 million in ten months alone, followed by another $6 million campaign for Obsession for Men. One Weber print ad featured two nude men entwined around one female; another, a naked couple with their groins pressed together; a third, three naked women, limbs entangled. A survey ranked the Obsession ads as the most memorable print advertisements of the year for four years in a row. TV commercials displayed a female model as the object of obsessive love by, in turn, a boy, a young man, an older man, and an older woman. Obsession quickly became the second-best selling fragrance in the world. Combined with Obsession for Men and a line of body products, sales broke the $100 million mark by the end of 1987. To complement Obsession, an oriental fragrance, in 1988 Calvin Klein  introduced a floral scent, dubbed Eternity, which was marketed in perfume, cologne, cologne-spray, and body-cream forms. Newly married to his second wife, Klein devised a softer $18 million promotional campaign based on the themes of spirituality, love, marriage, and commitment. By the end of its first year on the market, Eternity had grossed $35 million. Minnetonka (14 percent owned by the Calvin Klein Sport division) was sold in 1989, with the Calvin Klein cosmetics/fragrance line fetching $376.2 million from Unilever Co.’s Chesebrough-Pond’s subsidiary. Also in 1989, Calvin Klein opened its first full-line free-standing store, in a Dallas suburb. Products included Calvin Klein Sport lines for men and women, women’s and men’s underwear and sleepwear, hosiery, shoes, outerwear, accessories, cosmetics, and fragrances. Rescue and Resurgence in the 1990s In 1991, Calvin Klein introduced a new silk-scarf collection licensed to Ray Strauss Unlimited. Also that year, the company resumed menswear, licensing it to Gruppo GFT, an Italian manufacturer. Eyewear and sunglasses bearing the designer’s name, previously made by Starline Optical Corp., were licensed to Marchon Eyewear. The big story that year, however, was the introduction of Escape, a $115-an-ounce â€Å"fruity, floral† scent. â€Å"After work you get away,† Klein explained regarding the concept. â€Å"You escape, and you do it with style.† Escape proved a hit and was followed in 1993 by Escape for Men. Despite sizable royalty payments from these and other products, Calvin Klein was falling into financial trouble in the new decade. The company’s revenue dropped 13 percent in 1990, to $197 million, leading to a $4.3 million loss, the third time in five years the company had been in the red. The Puritan/Calvin Klein Sport division lost $14.2 million alone. Many younger women who could not afford the designer’s flagship Collection line were not buying his clothes at all. A sexually suggestive insert for Calvin Klein Jeans in Vanity Fair in October 1991 failed to stimulate sales, prompting U.S. retailers to contend that Klein had fallen out of touch with their customers. Calvin Klein, Inc. was restored to financial health partly through the efforts of David Geffen, the entertainment tycoon who was a long-time friend of the designer. Geffen purchased $62 million of the company’s debt securities in 1992 at a discount and was repaid in 1993, when the company took out a $58 million loan from Citibank. The firm then paid  off the Citibank loan by licensing the underwear business to Warnaco Group Inc. for $64 million. Warnaco also won the license for a new venture, men’s accessories. Undeterred by suggestions that with the end of the â€Å"decadent† 1980s sex no longer sold, Klein introduced a new line of underwear, including $16 fly-button shorts, in 1992 with ads featuring Marky Mark (Mark Wahlberg), a muscular rap star. The campaign proved successful with both young men and women, grossing $85 million for the company within 12 months. In 1994, a partnership later renamed Designer Holdings Ltd. bought Calvin Klein’s fading jeans business for about $50 million. Calvin Klein introduced a khaki collection in 1996 and also licensed it to Designer Holdings, along with CK Calvin Klein Jeans Kids and CK Calvin Klein Kids Underwear, also introduced that year. Designer Holdings was acquired by Warnaco in 1997. By 1995, when it opened a four-level, 22,000-square-foot minimalist-style emporium at Madison Avenue and East 60th Street in Manhattan, Calvin Klein had six stores in the United States. In addition, during 1993 and 1994, the company licensed Calvin Klein boutiques to operators in Barcelona, St. Moritz, Zurich, and Singapore and formed a partnership with four Japanese companies to create in-store shops there and to produce more licensed apparel. Four stores–in Manhattan, Dallas, Palm Beach and Costa Mesa, California–remained in 1997. The company also had an outlet store in Secaucus, New Jersey. In 1994, Calvin Klein introduced cKone, a unisex fragrance that became another smash hit, grossing $60 million in its first three months. It was followed in 1996 by cKbe, promoted in a $20 million monochrome print and TV campaign directed by Richard Avedon that featured young models exposing lots of pierced and tattooed flesh. In a poll conducted by Louis Harris for USA Today, only 4 percent of the respondents expressed strong liking for the ads, while 57 percent said they disliked them. Advertising experts suggested that what was turning off the general public was precisely what was attracting the people who were buying the product, especially teenagers. Advertisements for Calvin Klein jeans also continued to provoke controversy. Posters featuring a notably skinny model, Kate Moss, were festooned with stickers reading à ¢â‚¬Å"Feed this woman† by a Boston-area group called Boycott Anorexic Marketing. The company ignored the group but was unable to shrug off the reaction, especially from Christian groups, created by its summer 1995 campaign for CK Jeans, featuring models  who appeared to be teenagers in states of undress that, according to one writer, â€Å"suggested auditions for low-budget porn movies.† For the first time the company retreated, pulling the ads, which the designer maintained had been â€Å"misunderstood. †¦ People didn’t get that it’s about modern young people who have an independent spirit and do the things they want to and can’t be told or sold.† A U.S. Justice Department investigation ended without charges after federal agents determined that no minors were used in the ads. The controversial ads did not offend the market for which the campaign was intended. CK Calvin Klein Jeans continued to be one of the strongest sellers among youths. â€Å"They want the Calvin Klein label,† explained the executive editor of Children’s Business in 1996. â€Å"Also at the point the children are over eight, they’re pretty much deciding what they want to wear. †¦ These lines †¦ have the cachet that comes from the adult market.† Later that year a Calvin Klein underwear ad showing a 20-year-old male model in very tight gray briefs, posed with his legs wide apart, was dropped by the company’s own licensee, Warnaco. Also in 1996, a group of parent-led anti-drug groups called for a boycott of Calvin Klein products to protest a new ad campaign that they said glamorized heroin addiction. The magazine and television advertisements in question featured gaunt, glassy-eyed models to promote cKbe. In 1999, an underwear billboard in Times Square featuring two scantily clad young boys launched yet another round of controversy. The ad was eventually pulled after rumors surfaced that speculated on Klein’s sexual orientation. In 1995, Calvin Klein launched, under license, a home collection composed of sheets, towels, and tableware. By 1997, only the designer’s signature Calvin Klein women’s collection of apparel and accessories and the CK Calvin Klein bridge collections of less-expensive women’s and men’s apparel (except in Europe, the Middle East, and Japan) were being manufactured by the company itself. Of the company’s $260 million in sales in 1996, $141 million came from its in-house products and $119 million from royalties and designer income. Of worldwide retail sales of $4.4 billion, apparel accounted for $2.7 billion, fragrances for $1.5 billion, and other products for $200 million. Net profits were $41 million. During the late 1990s, Calvin Klein, Inc. was 43 percent owned by the designer and 43 percent owned by Schwartz, who was chairman and chief executive officer. The rest of the equity was held by family trusts.  Gabriella Forte, a former Giorgio Armani executive, became the company’s president in 1994 and was put in charge of day-to-day administration. The company was divided into three parts: the Calvin Klein collection, cK sportswear, and cK Jeans. In addition to apparel, each segment offered perfume, accessories, and housewares. New Ownership in a New Century During 1999, both Klein and Schwartz agreed that it was time to seek out expansion via a merger or an alliance. In October, the company hired investment firm Lazard Freres & Co. to organize a deal. With a billion dollar price tag however, Calvin Klein was unable to find a suitable partner. and in April 2000 the firm took itself off of the market. Klein commented on the process in a June 2000 DNR article, claiming that â€Å"a year ago we decided to explore strategic options for the company. We wanted to see how we can take the company to the next step. It gave us the opportunity to talk to various partners and explore opportunities and take the business to the next level.† Klein went on to say, â€Å"We decided to remain a private company because we thought we could do it better on our own.† During that same time period, Klein filed suit against his largest licensee, the Warnaco Group Inc. and its CEO Linda Wachner. Claiming the firm had violated federal trademark laws and breached fiduciary duty and several contracts by distributing its jeans to low-end retailers, Klein hoped to strip Warnaco–on the brink of bankruptcy–of its licensing rights. Warnaco on the other hand, claimed that Klein had been fully aware of its distribution practices for years and they stood to lose millions if the suit favored Klein. In 1999, one-third of the company’s revenues and cash flow was attributed to the sale of Calvin Klein jeans. Relations became even more strained between the two companies when Wachner filed a libel suit against Klein for comments made in several speeches and on the television show Larry King Live. The two appeared in court in January 2001 but came to an amicable resolution before the proceedings began. In late 2002, Calvin Klein, Inc. caught the eye of Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation (PVH), a company looking to acquire a major brand. As the largest shirtmaker in the United States, PVH owned the Van Heusen, IZOD, and G.H Bass brands and had licensing agreements with Geoffrey Beene, Arrow, DKNY, and Kenneth Cole. Under the leadership of CEO Bruce Klatsky, PVH made a play for Calvin Klein and eventually won the battl e. A  2002 New York Times article reported that the union would â€Å"give Van Heusen what Mr. Klatsky called the best-known apparel label in the world, and will give Calvin Klein, who will stay on with the new company, the financial resources to further expand his name in Asia and Europe. The purchase will also free the designer to worry more about aesthetics and less about production and bookkeeping.† Under the terms of the deal, Klein remained a design consultant for Calvin Klein, Inc. while PVH retained 100 percent ownership of the firm. The $430 million cash and stock deal also included royalty payments to Klein through 2018. Completed in February 2003, the acquisition marked a new era for the brand. For the first time, Klein did not have complete control over the products sold under his name, and his partner Schwartz had retired. After questionable behavior in March at a Knicks basketball game in New York was made public, Klein announced he was again seeking professional help for substance abuse. Both PVH management and Klein claimed it would not affect his role with the company. In March 2003, Calvin Klein announced a licensing agreement with Vestimenta S.p.A. in which the Italy-based concern would manufacture and distribute the Calvin Klein Collection line. PVH also planned to launch a new Calvin Klein men’s sportswear line in 2004. While Calvin Klein would no doubt continue as a leading brand for years to come, the results of its new ownership and management structure remained to be seen. Reference: https://giantkillers13.wordpress.com/2013/03/27/calvin-klein-marketing-strategy/