Should Students Be College Ready - 1097 Words

If a student today was asked to determine what qualifies students to be college ready, they’ll typically respond with qualities they feel makes up a college-bound student. What will typically not be included in their explanation is their test scores on the ACT/ SAT. However, if a school administrator were asked what they believe makes a student college ready, they will usually respond back with a list of numbers they believe qualifies a student to continue their education after high school. Students are demonstrated to prioritize memorization of math formulas rather than critical thinking or real-world problem solving. Consequently, almost every college application requires students to provide their scores on these tests. This raises the issue of importance of numbers that have surpassed students in the education system, along with the American government. On January 8, 2002, former President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law, requiring all states to test students in reading and in math in grades 3 through 8 and once in high school (Klein). This testing was designed to, as the act states, â€Å"leave no child behind.† However, because of this testing, many children are falling behind because of this very idea: standardized testing. For high school students specifically, standardized testing is the ultimate factor in whether the students are â€Å"college ready† by the school’s terms or not. A test where bubbling A, B, C, or D determines whether or notShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Higher Ed 950 Words   |  4 Pagescomplete article. 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The new TN Ready standardized testing is unbeneficial to students and teachers. In the best interest of students and teachers, the state should abolish TN Ready, and replace it with the ACT Aspire and the ACT. Ever since the fall of 2015, when TN Ready began, the state has experienced many problems, some of which stillRead MoreThe Initiative Of The Pathways Programs Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesschool students and adults achieve a college bond high school diploma or equivalent, and technical skills that will build a career and educational pathway. Community Colleges work toward â€Å"partnerships with K-12 schools, the private sector, government, higher education and other entities as one cohesive unit,† preparing students for industry occupations and furthering educational opportunities for students. (Campbell, 2012) These benefits go beyond the individual affecting the colleges, communitiesRead MorePrimary Mission of Universities1021 Words   |  5 PagesOF UNIVERSITIES SHOULD BE PREPARING STUDENTS FOR THE WORKFORCE SUBMITTED BY D.N.S BHARGAVA (20140023) FUNCTIONING OF THE UNIVERSITIES: Many students are not satisfied with the results of the study in the universities because the faculty focus and concentrate on the basic academic topics but not on practical skills, which is necessary after the completion of graduation. Nowadays, some people believe that the primary mission of universities, for students, is to teach knowledgeRead MoreHow Many Students Graduate From College In The Standard1491 Words   |  6 Pages How many students graduate from college in the standard four years? The Four-Year Myth Report, executed by Complete College America, states, â€Å"At most public universities, only 19 percent of full-time students earn a bachelor’s degree in four years, the report found. Even at state flagship universities — selective, research-intensive institutions — only 36 percent of full-time students complete their bachelor’s degree on time.† Colleges have been aware of the issue of time and money within their

The Yellow Wallpaper †Charlotte Perskin Gilman. “The Yellow

The Yellow Wallpaper – Charlotte Perskin Gilman â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perskin Gilman stated that the erroneous of â€Å"rest cue† treatment method of the husband – the theraphy physician, which leads the wife insane. The â€Å"rest cue† method that the patient have to â€Å"take phosphates or phosphites whichever it is, and tonics, and journey, and air, and exercise† (Gilman 308) and they are â€Å"absolutely forbidden to work† until they are well again which is described by the narrator and this method is the reason why the narrator from a normal woman increases depressing and stress day by day until she is insane. At the beginning of the story, the narrator described where her treatment as â€Å"the haunted house†. She feels something strange†¦show more content†¦But John would not hear of it† (Gilman 308). – â€Å"I wonder – I begin to think – I wish John would take me away from here† (Gilman 314). She said she would hate herself if she had to live in the treatment room long â€Å"the paint and paper look as if a boys’ school had used it. It is tripped off-the paper- in great patches all around the head of my bed, about as far as I can reach, and in a great place on the other side of the room low down. I never saw a worse paper in my life† – â€Å"the color is repellant† – â€Å"a smoldering unclear yellow, strangely faded by slow-turning sunlight. It is a dull yet lurid orange in some places, a sickly Sulphur tint in others.† – â€Å"I should hate it myself if I had to live in this room long† (Gilman 309). The treatment doesn’t help reduce her stressful and depression. She feels worse than before. She doesn’t feel like writing before since she moved into the yellow wallpaper – a nursery room. Besides, she is abandoned because her husband away all day. The lonely fe eling make her â€Å"nervous troubles are dreadfully depressing† (Gilman 309). Preventing from moving and working treatment and focusing on resting and being alone is a wrong treatment method. The narrator gets tired and tired every day and is more nervous because she just feels like â€Å"a comparative burden† to her husband. One more time, the husband rejects her feeling – she want get out of the house to feel the fresh air and meet people around which makes she feels relax and happy – â€Å"I’m

The twists and turns of rollercoasters and love free essay sample

The eager, empty gut feeling. The slow, clanking rise. The brief moment of calm. The swift, gut wrenching rise and fall, over and over. The unanticipated, breath taking turns. The rush when its looked back on. At first glance, you might say I am Just talking about a reallocates, but is that all? Is there a chance that every one of the things stated is also applicable to love? I think so. Although everyones ride Is a little different, I believe that reallocates and love are far more alike than we think.I was eleven. It was my first time going to universal Studios, and I was so excited. I had never been on a reallocates before. And Since I was a newbie, my dad, being the man he was, took me to the scariest ride there, Dealing Dragons. We got in line and I was Jumping up and down with excitement, asking tons of questions. We will write a custom essay sample on The twists and turns of rollercoasters and love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Do you think Im tall enough? Are you scared? Im not scared. How long will take to get to the ride? Do you think Ill get sick? I hope I dont get sick. Will all the time we spent In line. I thought we would never make It to the ride.Finally as we got to the front of the line, my excitement quickly turned to nervousness. Some of the people getting off the ride didnt look like they enjoyed it, and I was scared I would be the same way. But being the dare devil I was, I got a boost into my seat and was ready to go. A lady came around to check our buckles and she was telling us all of the things we need to do to stay safe while on the ride, which made me even more nervous. So I was back to square one, second guessing if I shouldve been so brave. Before I could even think about getting off, the ride started to move.Slow at first, taking the climb to the first peak. And as we got to the top, I looked down, my stomach did a 360, and we started to fall. We gained so much speed on our way to the bottom of the slope, I thought that we were done for. Thought that we were going way to fast and were going to crash when we got to the bottom. But just as I started to squeeze my dads hand and close my eyes, we were Jolted straight back up another hill. I was relieved. After we took on that first, and biggest hill, I knew we were going to be okay. Climbing up the slopes was such a relief after those breath taking plunges.But every mime we approached the bottom, I knew that I was worth all of the fear because soon enough, wed be right back on top with a great view. Just as I had stared to get used to the hills, I saw in the distance the dreaded lollipops. I kept thinking I was going to fall out of my seat once we were upside down, and I almost completely convinced myself by the time we reached them, and I was in tears. I held on tight, closed my eyes, and hoped for the best. Soon enough, it was all over, and we were pulling back into the loading dock. When we got out feet back on the ground I realized how much fun it was, even Hough I was scared to death.I wanted to go again. So, we got back in line. Love. When first meeting someone, were all skeptics. We want to know more. We have that rush of excitement. And as we get to know the person, and become more and more invested in them, we start to question if things are going too fast or not, like eleven year old me, taking on the scariest ride in the park for my first time. Yeah, I was scared that I would never want to go on another reallocates again, Just like everybody is afraid to get their heart broken. But eventually we fall in love, we get on he reallocates, not knowing what is to come.As we make the climb up to something wonderful, as we really start to fall hard, we get to a point of pure happiness and Joy. We fall so in love and become so blinded, that we think it will always be this perfect. But the truth is, nothing in life is perfect. We all get in fights, we have our ups and downs. But no matter how gut bustlingly painful the downs might be, we know how great love can be at its high points, so we go though a little pain. We all have that first love, when well do anything for the other. When we think weve got it all figured out.

Knowledge Audits Business Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Audits for Business Analysis. Answer: Introduction: The competencies of the business analyst (MA) are prescribed IIBAs Business Analysis Body of Knowledge also known as (BABOK). Business analysts are individuals in any organization who performs the analysis of business operations within that entity. Business analysis is a set of duties and techniques used in operations of a business entity among various stakeholders. Analyst in a given business can be any individual in the business regardless of the roles they play in the entity or the title they have. These individuals are required to be competent in order to perfectly perform their duties. The core competencies that a business analyst should are as follows: Compliance to Business Analysis Practices The IIBAs Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK) requires any business analyst to comply with the thirty two processes or tasks. Business analysis practices enable the analysts to have focus on their roles and go through the required process in order to analyze any business project. Therefore, for any business analyst to be competent in their work and produce steady and reliable results, he should always have in mind all the BABOK tasks and techniques. Object-Oriented Analysis There are 34 task and practices created by the IIBAs Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK) which should be adopted by any business analyst to produce object oriented analysis. In the current world most of the software developed are object oriented, the Unified Modeling language (UML) should be applied by the business analysts for production of reliable results. Quality Control It is among the obligations of any business analyst to provide various stakeholders with valid solutions. They should therefore, verify and validate all the requirements during business analysis. A business analyst should be well equipped with knowledge and skills to review and perform system test to validate the result of analysis (Sukiam, Rahman and Abidin 2008). Documentation Documentation is another critical area that any business analyst should be competent in during business analysis.to avoid production of poor quality resulting from imperfect documentation, business analyst should create clear and valid documentation. Business Process Management In order for a business analyst to provide best and valid results he should clearly understand various concepts of Business Process Management (BPM). Having a proper knowledge enable the analyst to analyze business process. Usability Engineering Business are required to have proper knowledge on the usability engineering lifecycle especially during user centered design analysis and usability test. Communication Skills It is mandatory that an analyst become a decent communicator. This implies that the analyst can expedite effective meetings, undertake effective interrogations, listen effectively to responses as well as absorb whatever is being said. An analysts must also be a strong communicator in a virtual. Problem Solving All problems have problems. The whole of the project is always aimed at finding a solution to a given problem. An analyst enables a common sympathetic of a problematic issue, potential solutions as well as determine the project scope. The business analyst must also facilitate teams to solve technical problem during negotiation between various business and technical stakeholders. Critical Thinking Skills A business analyst is responsible for the evaluation of multiple alternatives before assisting a team to settle on a given solution. A business analyst has to listen to stakeholders needs while discovering the underlying problem by critically considering the needs and task. The business analyst will do this by probing questions until the real needs surfaces and understood. This is what constitutes critical thinking and evaluations skills essential for new business analyst. Visual Modeling Skills The analyst must have the aptitude to establish models (visual) including workflow diagram and wireframe prototypes. It is essential for the analyst to cover visual information irrespective of being in napkin drawing or formalized model. Facilitation and Elicitation Skills A business analyst must undertake elicitation sessions to facilitate the interviews and observations. Relationship building skills The business analyst must have the ability to forge relationships or stakeholders relationships. This skills is critical in trust building and imply getting into the role of leadership in a given team of the project thereby bridging the disparities. The model The SWOT analysis model can be used in the formulation and analyzing the external and internal environment. It will help recognize where the creation of knowledge is taken place, place knowledge exists previously and the point it is required to back given choices as well as activities. As shown in the figure below, the SWOT analysis will help identify the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involving project (Wu and Li 2008). It will be appropriate to capture both external and internal factors and outputs from the analysis SWOT analysis will also in the transit from the needs analysis to knowledge audit in the process of developing a knowledge management strategy as shown in the diagram below. Link between Knowledge Audit Plan and Organizational Strategy A strategy of an organization is general summation of all the activities that it is planning to act upon. These action forms up the business and planning. Strategy planning involve all the sections of the business organization. Organizational strategy is drawn from the knowledge audit plan. The diagram below illustrates the relationship between organizational strategy and knowledge audit plan. Organizations and internal audit activities most of the time involve around organizational strategies. The knowledge of audit plan involve several audit risks which drawn from the organizational strategy. The performance of the process of strategy audits involve the exploitation of a more extensive strategy. The organizational strategy is therefore the most convenient extensive strategy which is also part of audit plan (Perez-Soltero et al. 2007). References Perez-Soltero, A., Barcelo-Valenzuela, M., Sanchez-Schmitz, G., Martin-Rubio, F., Palma-Mendez, J.T. and Vanti, A.A., 2007. A model and methodology to knowledge auditing considering core processes. ICFAI Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(1), pp.7-23. Sukiam, A.S., Rahman, A.A. and Abidin, W.Z., 2008. Knowledge Audit on Special Children Communities. In Pacific Rim Knowledge Acquisition Workshop (pp. 198-207). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wu, Y.L. and Li, Y.H., 2008. Research on the model of knowledge audit. In 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

Art in the Modern World essays

Art in the Modern World essays Confusion or Understanding ...That All Depends Modern art can either bring unity and coherence into a fragmented modern world by introducing something that other human institutions fail to do, or it can present tragedy and suffering in an unforgiving light, adding more confusion to the situation. Modernist writers like W.H. Auden seemed to try to uphold the idea that works of art can and should provide unity, coherence, and meaning. Yet, with the evolvement of modernism in the 1930s and 1940s, Dylan Thomas tended to present tragic situations in his poems, often giving way to more disjoint and uncertainty. As major figures in the progressive modernization of literature, both Auden and Thomas moved away from apparent objectivity, a theme once standardized by previous literary figures, and toward subjectivity. While other writers of the era conveyed modern ideas in form and style, such as William Faulkners multiple narrators and stream-of-consciousness format displayed in The Sound and Fury, Thomas and Auden radiated modern tho ught through their ideas and subject matter. Both Thomass The Hunchback in the Park and Audens Musee des Beaux Arts send a clear message to the reader that art can exist in the modern world; however, for each poet, it exists in two entirely different manners. For Thomas, modern art moves away from plain objectivity and towards impressionism and subjectivity, often leaving the reader engrossed in confusion and disjoint. In contrast, Audens idea of art in the modern world surfaces as an attempt to bring unity and coherence into an otherwise fragmented, suffering modern world. It is all too common for modern literary works from the 1930s and 1940s to exude human suffering, and Thomass The Hunchback in the Park is no different. Thomas opens a window into one mans world, letting the reader get a glimpse of a hunchbacks daily life li...

in the creation essays

in the creation essays How often has it been that you create a New Years resolution, only to end up breaking it within a month? Did you know that only 1 out of 10 people in the United States actually follow through with their New Years resolution, and that this can probably be attributed to poor goal setting? Fact: Personal goals are supposed to be the easiest to follow through on. So how do you set goals properly in order to reach an achievement? And if personal goals are the easiest to follow through with, how do major corporations, which set insane goals yearly (like doubling profits) almost always manage to reach their targets, which can require organizing the achievements of hundreds or even thousands of people? By setting goals properly. By setting goals the right way enacting on them is easier. To more fully explore this, we will; I. Look at reasons for goal setting II. Look at a models for feedback III. Define the parts which make up the whole. I. In the co-operation of people into vital 1. Goals guide 2. Goals provide challenges 3. Goals serve as a source of legitimacy =* Provide framework 4. Define an organizations structure =* Determining relations of: II. With much insight and analysis, models of checks and balances have been created to insure proper goal setting. Through these models, when an organization falls short of its goals, a feedback system exists which more accurately defines points that are problematic. By allowing a comparison between present performance and what is required for the goal achievement. Furthermore by creating these models of goal setting, outlines of proper organizational behavior are created. By showing what is necessary in human interaction for business vita...

VII Hazardous Chemicals Multiple choice and two essay questions

VII Hazardous Chemicals Multiple choice and two questions - Essay Example In case the material does not drip but remains at the immediate site of combustion, they thermally decompose and ignites spreading the fire (Meyer, 2010). When polymeric material burn, they decompose producing a considerable amount of gases and vapour. As the decomposition process continues, the gas might migrate and accumulate elsewhere especially near the ceiling. Here, they mix with atmospheric air then ignite causing the flame to spread further. Through a phenomenon called flashover, decomposition of a polymer can be caused by heat conducted, or radiated from another point. Combustible gases produced by thermal decomposition ignites and spread the fire to other room or sections. At flashover, safe exit from a room is not possible, and the living condition of a room are usually unbearable with the rooms temperatures ranging from 600 - 800-degree centigrade (Meyer, 2010). In addition, the vapour and gases produced by polymeric fire are dangerous and fatal. They include nitrogenous, sulfurous gases. A high concentration of carbon monoxide is also produced. If in an enclosed area, the level of these gases soar to a dangerous level within few minutes. The fire may affect areas far away the source. The hot gases and vapour produced can spread by convection through ventilation systems and other openings and end up affecting people elsewhere in the building. Polymeric fire produces a considerable amount of soot that when inhaled draws toxic gases into the bronchi and lungs (Meyer, 2010). Of all the three gases produced, Carbon Monoxide(CO) can be the most dangerous to the Environment, Health and Safety or the Fire Services professional responding to the scene. Once inhaled, the gas combines with the haemoglobin in the blood circulation system and converts into carboxyhemoglobin that causes an ineffective delivery of oxygen to the body tissues. At concentration levels of

Us history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Us history - Essay Example Harry Truman’s strategy ensured these ally countries were going to be unbeatable since they were better economies than that of USSR, eliminating its threat of being a superpower. This was the same idea that was used to win the cold war. The fight against rampant poverty that was in America then was the war Lyndon Johnson fought. The poverty that was in America was invisible; Lyndon Johnson used political rallies to express the fact that things had gone out of control, and, therefore, Americans should put its vision on helping people who are suffering, to help them, to give them education, opportunity, to give them the chance of coming into the mainstream of America’s middle class economic life. Everybody was meant to be a winner, from the poor to the rich. America grew less optimistic about the future of the society in the 1970s due to the increased inequality that was witnessed in the society decades after the end of the Second World War. This was seen in the absence of an increase in income since 1967, and people expected nothing since they had no increase in their income for the past ten years. Therefore, it created negative long-term expectations in relation to both family and individual lives and about the future of the United States and its economic perspective. The goals and tactics of the female were to ensure the women had equal rights with men. The main goal of the feminist movement was to eliminate discrimination against women and increase a woman’s part in the building of the nation. With the establishment of feminist movements, there was and has been a noticeable success; for instance, women were able to do jobs men did. They received equal salaries with men; women were involved in politics among other successful things involving women. Vietnam War made the American people lose trust in the president and the government because the

Pharmacology in nursing-Psychiatric disorder Assignment

Pharmacology in nursing-Psychiatric disorder - Assignment Example On the other hand, FGAs have less efficiency and adverse side-effects characterized by extrapyramidal side-effects. In spite of their efficiency, SGAs also have their own side-effects such as weight gain and the ability to increase vulnerability to diabetes. As such, treatment of depression and psychosis requires careful consideration of various factors, such as age, pre-existent conditions, and polypharmacy among many other factors before making a choice of the treatment drug. In addition to making a choice on the antipsychotics applicable, medical practitioners also have to consider the possibility of incorporating non-pharmacologic approaches such as psychotherapy for youth with difficult-to-treat depression. Additionally, issues of patients using herbal medications, such as St. John’s Wort, have to be advised appropriately to avert potential harm and side-effects from polypharmacy. This paper critically reviews the use of antipsychotics in the treatment of psychosis and de pression. It also briefly highlights the use of psychotherapy and alternative medicine-St. John’s Wort. ... that vary in severity, and these may include schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, drug-induced psychosis and psychotic depression. Psychosis affects approximately 3% of the United States (U.S) population, with 1% of the cases being schizophrenic (Lehne, 2012). On the other hand, depression is a mood disorder condition characterized by feelings of sadness, anger, loss, frustration and aversion of activity. These are common feelings, but actual clinical depression is a situation in which these feelings occur often and cause interference on day-to-day activities. The condition may also elicit other behaviors such as overeating, which could finally lead to obesity. Epidemiologic statistics show that depression is prevalent in the most developed nations, with U.S. being the leading nation. Lifetime prevalence differs greatly from 3% in Japan to as high as 17% in the U.S. Populations in most nations experience depression at a rate ranging between 8% and 12% (Lehne, 2 012). The treatment of psychosis and depression has for a very long time relied on antipsychotics as the first line of treatment. In addition to the pharmacological approach, family and cognitive behavioral therapies have also been recommended for long-term treatment. The use of antipsychotics has in the past presented mixed reactions among users and still continues to present a dilemma in the treatment of psychosis and depression. Notably, the challenge appeared in 2004 and 2005 when the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) recommended a â€Å"black box warning† on antidepressants used to treat depressed and psychotic adolescents (Ho, 2012). A â€Å"black box warning† is any alert that appears on the insert of any prescription and warns against adverse effects of using a certain drug. In the

Symmetric Key Utilized for EasySMS Convention

Symmetric Key Utilized for EasySMS Convention Conceptual SMS (Short Message Service) is a generally utilized correspondence between the end clients. SMS is being utilized as a part of our diverse  applications. The Short Message Service (SMS) normally whatever we trade the first configuration, now and then we used to send the some mystery  message like our email secret word, pass code and bank watchword. We send SMS is in unique organization, our customary SMS does not secure this  trusted data, so the proposed convention called EasySMS it will give exceptionally secure and ensure the trusted data between the end  clients. Pivotal words part; Authentication, Security, Secrete Key, Mobile Phone I. Presentation These days, the Short Message has turn into a standout amongst the most quick  furthermore, solid correspondence on the planet to transmit the  message from two persons. The Short Message Service called  SMS is a correspondence stage that sends the message  through a versatile cell system. At the point when the delicate data in our messages (SMS), it is  extremely hard to shield the data from the  meddlers furthermore exceptionally hard to recognize the root  from the specific sender. The cellular telephone correspondence  is great experience and an incredible acknowledgement from among all  human culture. The GSM is aviation route activity correspondence between the two  portable stations called Mobile Station (MS) and the Base  Handset Station (BTS) is an encryption between two feeble  also, stream figure (A5/1 or A5/2). The validation is an one  sided furthermore unprotected. In spite of the expanding force of cell phones with the  approach of Advanced mobile phones, a critical division of portable  gadgets in creating districts are still basic minimal effort gadgets  with constrained handling and correspondence capacities. A. Research Problem Infrequently, we used to send trusted data to our crew  individuals like secret key, credit number additionally bank pass book  number. This private data from one cellular telephone  to another through system. While sending the dataover the system meddler can read the data  since that will be in the first configuration. SMS use is  undermined with security concerns, for example, SMS exposure,  man-in-center assault and replay assault. SMS messages are  transmitted as plaintext between portable client and the SMS  focus utilizing remote system. B. Key Contribution The above convention called EasySMS is proposed to  anticipate and secure the end-to-end correspondence  between the clients, the convention EasySMS is going to  keep the different assault are Man-in-center assault,  Replay assault, SMS exposure and it is additionally message  trade amid the confirmation process, less  calculation overhead and decreases the data transfer capacity. II. RELATED WORK As indicated by the different creators have proposed distinctive sorts  of procedures and security to secure data amid  transmiision of the message. A usage of an open  key cryptosystem for SMS in a cell telephone system has  been exhibited, yet the security for convention is not talked about. Shared trade scrambled utilizing open key  cryptography by A structure secure extensible and  effective SMS(SEEMS). Another convention called SSMS is  used to give the application layer structure to the  wanted security traits in SMS. Amid the transmission  of message to give the security to the message by utilizing  carrier for m-installment. Because of physical constraints of the  cellular telephones it is exceptionally neccesary to offer the convention which  would make least utilization of assets and would improve  security. The proposed convention called SMSSec is utilized to secure SMS  correspondence between a customer furthermore used to the  encryption between end clients. The convention SMS based  structure gives a low-transmission capacity, solid, effective  answer for restorative information acquistion. The mutual session key  era is profoundly utilization correspondence and it is too  inadmissible for genuine eord application. Accordingly in this proposed convention EasySMS contrasted and two  convention called SMSSec and PK-SIM conventions. _______________________________________________________________________________________ III. EXISITNG SYSTEM In Existing System, the SMS based structure gave a  low-transmission capacity, solid, effective and savvy arrangement  for medicinal information procurement. The created shared key for  every session produced an enormous overhead. This structure  neglected to forestall SMS against different assaults. SMS messages are transmitted as plaintext between versatile  client (MS) and the SMS focus (SMSC), utilizing remote  system. SMS substance are put away in the frameworks of system  administrators and can be read by their work force.   An assault model depicts diverse situations for the  potential outcomes of different assaults where a pernicious MS can  access the legitimate data, or deceive the honest to goodness  MS. Since, the SMS is sent as plaintext, along these lines system  administrators can undoubtedly get to the substance of SMS amid the  transmission at SMSC. Fig1. Existing Architecture IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM The purpose behind picked these conventions for correlation is that  these are the main existing conventions which dont propose to  change the current structural planning of cell systems. We needed to contrast our proposed convention and some  existing conventions gave to give end-to-end SMS security  with symmetric key cryptography, however there is no such  convention exists. Both conventions are having two stages comparable  to the proposed convention and are in view of symmetric also  as hilter kilter key cryptography while the proposed convention  is totally in view of symmetric key cryptography. To defeat the above expressed assaults, different figure  calculations are actualized with the proposed confirmation  convention. We suggest that the figure calculations ought to be  put away onto the SIM (some piece of MS) and in addition at AS. Since  giving security needs to do some additional exertion which is  measured regarding expense, consequently giving or including additional  security means expanding more cost. Creators propose to  incorporate one more administration as Secure Message in the menu of  portable programming grew by different versatile organizations. Portable administrators can add some additional charges to send secure  message by their clients over the systems. At whatever point a  client needs to send a protected message to other client, the  proposed convention in particular EasySMS is executed which makes  accessible the symmetric shared key between both MS and afterward  figuring of message happens utilizing a symmetric key  calculation. We propose another convention named EasySMS with two  distinctive situations which give end-to-end secure  transmission of data in the cell.   Is the Secret Key SK Safely Stored? Since the malignant client  does not know the structure of cryptographic capacities like  f1() and f2(), so he/she can neither create the right MAC1  nor right designation key DK1. Further, the mystery key SK is  put away on the validation server/focus and also implanted  onto the SIM at the season of assembling. In this way, it is very nearly  difficult to concentrate the SK. The capacity situation of SK key  we introduced is same as these days utilized for the voice  correspondence in the conventional cell systems. In the event that some  administration suppliers dont wish to utilize real SK in the convention  execution. The EasySMS convention keeps the SMS data from  different assaults including SMS assault, telephone capture, SMS  spam, man-in-the-center assault, and GSMA. This EasySMS  sends lesser number of transmitted bits, produces less  reckoning overhead, and diminishes transmission capacity utilization  furthermore, message traded when contrasted with SMSSec and PK-SIM  conventions. V. CONCLUSION The EasySMS convention is ordinarily used to outline for  assurance of different assaults furthermore give end-to-end  secure correspondence. Symmetric key is effectively overseen by the proposed  convention called EasySMS furthermore it is correspondence  overhead amid execution, contrasted with SMSSec and PK-SIM  convention verification of trade of messages is less. VI. REFERENCES [1] H. Rongyu, Z. Guolei, C. Chaowen, X. Hui, Q. Xi,  also, Q. Zheng, A PK-SIM card based end-to-end  security structure for SMS, Compute. Standard  Interf. vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 629–641, 2009 [2] M. Densmore, Encounters with mass SMS for  wellbeing financing in Uganda, in Proc. ACM CHI,  2012, pp. 383–398.   [3] D. Risi and M. Teà ³filo, MobileDeck: Turning SMS  into a rich client experience, in Proc. 6th MobiSys,  no. 33, 2009.   [4] R. E. Anderson et al., Encounters with a  transportation data framework that uses just GPS  also, SMS, in Proc. IEEE ICTD, no. 4, Dec. 2010. [5] J. L.-C. Lo, J. Minister, and J. H. P. Eloff, SMSSec:  An end-to end convention for secure SMS, Compute.  Security, vol. 27, nos. 5–6, pp. 154–1

The Web’s Compass Essay -- Websites Internet Computers Technology Essa

The Web’s Compass When designing a web page, many features and characteristics must be considered. Three important features for navigational tools are text, icons, and photographs. The use of these elements must consider benefits to the user and navigation throughout the site. I will discuss text, icons, and photographs and why each feature can help or hinder the navigation of a site. Text When deciding whether to use text as a navigational button we must remember to effectively use color, type, and text to help readers maneuver within the site. When choosing to use text, consider â€Å"production: arranging text and visuals on pages or screens, plus choosing type and color† (Hilligoss and Howard 164). When using text as a navigational tool, use your text effectively. Killingsworth and Gilbertson Signs, Genres, and Communities in Technical Communication explain what happens when text is misused: â€Å"Overuse fancy typographical features, thereby creating semiotic â€Å"noise† in the text—bothersome distractions to good reading† (44). If the text is not useful and informative for the reader then a different style tool should be used. The text navigational tool should help â€Å"readers find their way around in a text† (Killingsworth and Gilbertson 49). Killingsworth and Gilbertson define effective text as that which â€Å"draws atten tion to the object without re-determining its meaning† (48). An example of text used as a useful navigational tool is Texas A&M University’s homepage. The web page uses all text links to navigate within the site. All of the texts are one to two words specific to their links and all capitalized. This helps the reader easily find information. The links are set up in uniform columns so as not to be distracting, as Killing... ...r site an edge over other text-intensive pages. I find this topic personally relevant because I could be writing for the web one day. Knowing which navigational tools work best for my site is invaluable information. Understanding how to write efficiently on the web and design a user-friendly page gives me an extra edge when I enter the work force. Works Cited Faigley, Lester, Diana George, Anna Palchik, and Cynthia Selfe. Picturing Texts. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. Hilligoss, Susan and Tharon Howard. Visual Communication. New York: Longman Publishing Company, 2002. Killingsworth, M. Jimmie and Michael K. Gilbertson. "Representation in Document Design." In Signs, Genres, and Communities in Technical Communication. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. 1992. Texas A&M University. 2002-04. 12 February 2004 <http://www.tamu.edu>

Gambino Cleaning Products Salesman System Specification Essay

A new system of calculating and reporting on cleaning products salesmen is to be designed and implemented. Cleaning products salesmen commission is based on a set of data which is the monthly sales of cleaning products sold by the salesmen. Objectives The new system must: * Be automated as far as possible, needing no thorough knowledge of spreadsheets, databases or any other software in order to operate it. * Have fitted controls to ensure precision and completeness of data input. * Take into account commission payments from monthly sales. * Print commission reports for each of the salesmen, and a summary report showing total paid to each salesman and overall total. * Include an option to delete commission records previous to a given date so that the file does not increase for an indefinite period. The proposed new system can be shown in a level 0 data flow diagram as follows: A level 1 Data Flow Diagram of the proposed system is as follows: User functions 1. The Commissioning Salesman in the Sales Department will be responsible for entering all details of new cleaning products salesman and new products. 2. An Accounts clerk will have special responsibility for the commission system. 3. The Accounts clerk will enter each month the sales of each product, giving quantity sold and gross sales value (i.e. quantity X cover price). 4. Every 6 months, the Accounts clerk will produce the Commission reports for each cleaning products salesman. This will show the commission that has been earned in the previous 6 months. A payment is then recorded and a cheque issued to each cleaning products salesman to whom commission is due, together with the Commission statement showing sales details, and the statement from the Accounts system the total amount due. Database specification Menu structure The many functions of the Commission System will be accessed by means of a front-end menu, which will have the following structure. The data model There are three main entities in this system related in the entity relationship diagram shown below. Because a many-to-many relationship cannot be applied in a relational database, an additional entity named Salesman/Product is introduced. The ERD can now be drawn as follows: The database for Gambino cleaning products salesman system specification will have the following tables: tblSalesman (SalesmanID, Surname, FirstName) tblProduct (ProductID, ProductName, SalesTeam, Price) tblSalesman/Product (ProductID, SalesmanID, StandardCommission, BonusCommission) tblSales (SalesNumber, ProductID, Date, QuantitySold, GrossValue) Name Type Meaning Range Where Used tblSalesman Table Salesman Table tblProduct Table Product Table tblSalesman/Product Table Salesman/Product Table tblSales Table Sales Table SalesmanID Text (5) Unique ID Primary key in tblSalesman Foreign key in tblSalesman/Product Surname Text (20) Salesman’s Surname tblSalesman Firstname Text (15) Salesman’s first name tblSalesman ProductID Text (5) Unique product code Primary key in tblProduct Foreign key in tblSalesman/Product ProductName Text (40) Product title tblProduct SalesTeam Text (40) All salesman who sell a product tblProduct Price Currency Product price tblProduct StandardCommission Number Percentage commission on each product sold 1-10 tblSalesman/Products BonusCommission Number Bonus percentage commission on each products sold 11-20 tblSalesman/Products SalesNumber Number 1=Standard commission 2=Bonus Commission 1 or 2 tblSales QuantitySold Number Number of products sold tblSales GrossValue Currency Data Dictionary Input Specification Three input forms will be required. frmProducts This will be used to enter product details. frmSalesman This will be used to enter details of a salesman and all products on which they receive commission. The commission percentages for each product will be entered in a subform of the main form. Validation methods: The Product ID will be selected from a drop-down list of existing Product ID’s. Once a Product ID is entered, the product name will be automatically displayed. frmTransaction This form will be used to enter transactions. Validation methods: Only valid dates will be accepted. The Product ID will be selected from a drop down list of existing Product ID’s. Once a Product ID is entered, the product name will be automatically displayed. Selecting a radio button so that only a valid alternative can be selected will choose the transaction type. Process Specification Commission Calculations To calculate the commission for a given transaction, a query has to be performed to combine attributes from tblTransaction, tblProduct, tblProduct/Salesman and tblSalesman. The calculation of the commission is performed as follows: If TransactionType = 1 (i.e ‘sales’) ThenRate = StandardCommissionRate ElseRate = BonusCommissionRate endif Amount = Rate * GrossValue These processes will be carried out in qryCommission. This query will be the source of both the commission report and the summary report. Maintenance Each year, transactions prior to a given date will be removed from tblTransactions. This prevents the transaction file from becoming too large and slowing down the system. The maintenance will be carried out as follows: Run a Delete query to delete records from tblTransaction. Test Plan Tests will be carried out using valid and invalid data and data at the extremes of acceptable values.

Brief 2 page essay describing Andro Supplements. cycle, side effects, results, studies, resources as well

Brief 2 page essay describing Andro Supplements. cycle, side effects, results, studies, resources as well Andro is considered a natural steroid because it is legal and safe but has many of the same positive effects of illegal steroids. Androstendione (pronounced andro-steen-dee-own) is a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal gland.50mg taken orally can raise testosterone levels 140% to 183%. Many use a 4-6 week cycle and sustain from use for 3-4 weeks before restarting the cycle. It is recommended to take it 60-120 minutes before a workout. This supplement will give considerable increases in muscle mass but has been in controversy for whether or not it should be as easily available as it today. It has many of the same side effects as anabolic steriods. Some side effects can include acne, 12% decrease in HDLs, and prostate hypertrophy. Since it is not an anabolic steroid it does not pose a threat to kidneys or liver.In March 2004, U.S. Department of Health Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson announced that the Food and Drug Administration has requested that andro manufacturers st op distributing andro products.Numerous vials of injectable anabolic steroids, wh..."Young people, athletes and other consumers should steer clear of andro because there are serious, substantial concern about its safety," said Thompson." Young people should understand that there are no shortcuts to a stronger body, and that the best way to get faster and stronger is through good diet, nutrition and exercise."Studies concluded that andro actually is inefficient. It has minimal gains of testosterone compared to gains in estrogen. Researchers suspect prolonged use could lead to other problems. Elevated levels of andro in the blood may promote cancer of the pancreas and prostate; men concerned about prostate problems, in particular, should avoid it. Theoretically, andro could also cause bone growth problems in children, premature labor during pregnancy, and masculinization in women, including male-pattern baldness, according to the Natural Medicines...

I Chose the Light Essays - Over, Free Essays, Term Papers

I Chose the Light Essays - Over, Free Essays, Term Papers I Chose the Light I promise Ill be there. I wouldnt miss my best friends graduation for anything, I solemnly swore to my best friend on that Friday morning, just twenty minutes before I was to walk into a routine MRI that would forever change my life. Who could ever guess that inside such a seemingly perfectly healthy teenagers brain was a ticking time bomb waiting for an unknown cue to explode and ignite a year-long war of recovery? The grim MRI technician locked the cage around my head, and it began. From that moment, I was sealed into a fate I never imagined, a full-speed rollercoaster, complete with gravity-defying drops, inversions, and multiple corkscrews. I heard a voice from above ask, Are you ready? as my arms were being crossed as if I were being laid to rest. His question made me open my eyes, and I was surprised at what I was staring at. The way he was gliding around me, preparing my immobilized body, gave me two options as to how I could view him. He would either be the angel of dark or light; my perspective of the situation could change everything. I chose the light. As I was slowly slid into the tight testing space, my sides sliding against the inside of the tube sent me in reverse to a place that until that day, I was so accustomed to. I could nearly feel the dirt grinding under my cleats, the rough leather ball rotating off of my fingers for what I knew would be the perfect pitch; a feeling I would never feel again after that day. Every additional minute I was kept enclosed in the rumbling machine, I could feel the sides enclosing around me, the war song of the machine seeming to sing an encrypted code holding my fate. After three dreadful hours had passed, I cracked the code. Right there, my life was changed forever. The rest of the afternoon was a blur. When I was finally relieved of my position in the large machine, the imminent events had me lying in a hospital bed in the intensive care unit of the states best medical center. To say I felt like I was on my death bed would be no stretch of the truth, as the patient situated next to me was in a comatose state. This sparked the reaction in me that truly changed my life. I glanced at the clock, realizing it was shortly after seven oclock. My best friend was probably walking across the stage receiving his diploma. At that moment, I decided that though I was missing his graduation, I would not miss my own in two years. I would be the survivor. On the road to recovery, I would come to realize that perseverance is the bravest quality a person can choose to have. I have learned to not blame circumstances for who I am. I have learned to survive. I have chosen the light.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Law - Essay Example Byrne had been married in 1970 and separated early in the year 2007. 1 They were aged 57 and 60 years old respectively at the time of their marriage, but previously, both had been in other marriages and each had children from the retrospective unions. Martin Byrnes was one of Mr.’s Byrnes children from a previous marriage. Q.2 Whether a deed in which a Mr. Byrne acknowledged holding a half undivided in the realty purchased and registered exclusively in his name as the sole proprietor in Brighton, South Australia in 1984, or for Mrs Byrnes it amounted to the creation of valid trust? Whether the creation of trust was the real subjective intention of the husband or if it was only obtained objectively from the deed that had been signed according to the acknowledgment trust deed (1989 deed)? If such a trust was created as per the deed, or whether the husband as a trustee was duty bound to lease or let out the property and obligated to receive rental fee on his wife’s behalf? In case such were the case, did Mr Byrne’s failure to collect rent from the son who had leased the property amount to a breach of the trust? If this is the case, did the wife’s knowledge of the Mr. ... rust according to him, the deed was only intended to acknowledge the plaintiffs entitlement to half the proceeds realty upon its sale (Clarke 2011).2 Furthermore, even if he was a trustee as purported by the plaintiff, the 1997 deed did not explicitly denote his duties and responsibilities to the wife, indeed it did not require him to play any active role or perform any duties as one. Therefore, he was not under legal obligation to let out the property or collect the proceeds of such enterprise on behalf of his wife. Finally, the claimed estoppel as defense based on the fact that the wife had Knowledge of the leasers non-payment and took no action to encourage him to take action was acquiescence in the husbands failure to collect the money and thus they were precluded from any rights to make complains about the defendant’s alleged breach of trust as they would have been equally in breach if by virtue of her compliance in his non action. Q.3b The District court found that the p laintiff was entitle to half of the proceeding from the sale of the real estate in line with the stipulation of the 2007 deed: Nevertheless, in regards to being owed half the rent which Mr. Byrens had allegedly failed to collect, it found for the defendant; the court approved the husbands contention that pursuant to the 1997 deed, no trust had been established because the despite the existence of a document on the contrary, the husbands was without the requisite intention. The district court judge made this pronouncement by relying on the high-court’s decision in the: Commissioner of Stamp Duties (Qld) v Jolliffe (1920) where it was determined that in the endeavour to determine the existence of a express trust, evidence may be pursued beyond the deed of trust. In consonance with the

Analysis of how Joint Warfare was applied during Operation Just Cause Research Paper

Analysis of how Joint Warfare was applied during Operation Just Cause in Panama - Research Paper Example In order to tackle the future political challenges, there is a need for developing an army which is prepared for not only offensive and defensive activities, but also to maintain stability and to conduct supporting functions. The military operations in Haiti, Bosnia and Middle East demonstrate the requirement of joint forces in order to ensure better cooperation. The trends of joint operation in 21st century evidently reveal the fact that single military operations have become history. In order to rule in the rapidly changing environment, joint approach of military planning is considered as a critical success factor for any nation . The research paper provides an in-depth analysis on application of joint warfare during ‘Operation Just Cause’ in Panama. The objective of the research is to analyze how joint operations were implemented during Operation Just Cause. Besides, the paper also aims at understanding how Goldwater-Nichols Act had affected the planning of Operation Just Cause. Basic Description about Joint Operation The term, ‘Joint Operation’ denotes military movements which are undertaken by joint military forces. Joint operation principle is established on a sound foundation of war philosophy, concept and practical knowledge. Joint operation principles identify the basic and the advantageous impacts of ‘unity in command’ and the cooperation which results from integration and harmonization of military operations. This cooperation can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of military force. The benefits of joint operation are spread beyond the operational background across the array of military actions2. ‘Joint Warfare’ is often used by the military forces of the US in conjunction with other countries and agencies. Joint warfare is required in order to create a decisive and a combined combat strength. In joint warfare philosophy, the military organizations incorporate and synchronize their air forces, land forces, navy forces and the special operation forces in order to accomplish strategic and operational objectives. The objective of joint warfare is to enhance the effectiveness of military assault3. The Origin of Joint Concepts The history of the US reveals the significance of joint operations. The war of 1812 in between the US and Great Britain provides a great example with regard to success of joint operation. However, the operation was criticized due to misperceptions, low level of cooperation and coordination. The first joint military board in the US was established in the year 1903. The joint board was aimed at planning joint military operations and resolving issues on common concerns. Yet, the joint board was provided with little right to solve

Cultural Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultural Analysis - Research Paper Example Healthcare provision is still behind in upper-middle-class countries. People in Panama have no confidence in the health care provision. They believe God is the only alternative for curing diseases. It made the researcher believe the level of education in Panama is still behind. Civilization has not taken root in most parts of Panama. To understand the women's position in the Panamanian’s society, the interviewee gave an in-depth discussion. The specific questions were how the marriage customs were practiced, attitude about separation, how women express modesty and roles of women in the society. The answers for the questions were different from what the researcher expected. It turned out that the women had no major position in Panamanian’s society. The researcher agreed with the interviewer that it would take time for Panama, to embrace the role of women in the society. For a health care provider to be culturally sensitive, he has to understand the roles of gender, sexual orientation, faith, tastes, and socioeconomic status. Physicians have to be sensitive to the unique needs of the Panama people. Sensitivity to their needs will improve the service delivery. Furthermore, asking appropriate questions, which are open-ended, will demonstrate a particular health care provider is culturally sensitive. Communication is an essential tool that will improve the patient-doctor relationship. The communication means should be able to bridge the differences between the culture of medicine and Panamanian’s beliefs and practices.

Water Supply in India Essay Example for Free

Water Supply in India Essay India has a land size of 3. 29 million square kilometers with a diverse population which has narrowly exceeded the one billion mark. The demand for water has continued to rise fast due to urbanization where a significant percentage of the population lives in the urban areas. In addition, the increase in demand of water is further attributed to industrial growth and increase in agricultural consumption (Omvedt, 1993). Access to clean drinking water is a basic necessity of life. However supply of clean water in India remains to be insufficient despite the measures that have been taken by major institutions in India in curbing the problem. Most of the cities in India, though densely populated, do not have continuous access to clean water supply on a daily basis. Water is distributed for only a few hours per day. According to a study that was carried out in 2007 by the Asian Development Bank, twenty out of the thirty five states in India had an average duration of 4. 3 hours per day of clean water supply (Deorah, 2006). This proves the unreliability in management and distribution of piped water in major cities as well as in small towns in India. Although piped water is not well developed in rural areas, the same problem still thrives, sometimes hand pumps remaining out of order for a long time. It is quite embarrassing to find that even with the great advancements in technology in the 21st century, there are still some people in certain areas of the world who face the danger of ill health due to lack of enough and quality water. Sustainable management of water resources is quickly turning out to be a necessity with a looming crisis that seems to be a threat to the livelihood and security of the general public in the coming years (Siegfried, Brown, Heikkila, Lall, 2008). Basing on this background, it is therefore the objective of this paper to center on the problem of water supply in India. 2. 0 Literature review A number of authors and scholars have carried out studies on the issue of water supply in India. The main focal point of these researchers was on the causes and possible solutions to the problem of water supply in India. According to Deorah, the major cause of low amounts of water supply whose quality is also poor is majorly as a result of mismanagement of water as a resource (2006). According to studies done by Mustafa it is revealed that the story of water in most parts of the Indus Basin which is largely in India, is related to the political landscape of the area (2007). Some of the authors highlight the possibility of an imminent danger facing India due to the conflicting figures in relation to the rising demand for water against the decline in supply of the same (Homer-Dixon, 2000). In a bid to solve this problem, Uitto and Jansky proposes that the public be incorporated in the process of efficient management of water sources (2005). In addition, it has been sugested by some scholarly material that the implentation of â€Å"the water conservation campaign awareness† is a great step in finding a lasting solution (Birkenholtz, 2009). Into the same bargain are authors Siegfried, Brown, Heikkila and Lall who recommend the idea of recycling waste water as well as harvesting of rainwater as part of the solution (2008). On the same note, Omdvet in his book â€Å"Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India â€Å" gives the importance of preserving water catchment areas such as the Himalayas Mountains which plays a pivotal role in provision of water in the country (1993).

Allegory in Forsters The Other Side of the Hedge Essay -- Forster Oth

Allegory in Forster's The Other Side of the Hedge After reading the first few paragraphs, The Other Side of the Hedge, by E. M. Forster, seems to be nothing more than a story about a man walking down a long road. The narrator's decision to go through the hedge transforms the story into an allegory that is full of symbols representing Forster's view of the journey of life. The author develops the allegory through the use of several different symbols including the long road, the hedge and the water. The allegory is about man's life journey toward the ultimate goal of heaven. When the reader interprets the story on a literal level, it seems somewhat realistic, but he quickly senses a double meaning. In the story, the narrator travels on a long, dusty road that seems to have no end. He tells about the other people of the road, discussing the possessions that they attempt to carry with them. Some of these people abandon their journey, leaving their possessions behind to gather dust. The target of E.M. Forster's allegory is the transition from life on earth to life in heaven. Forster's many symbols in the story portray his view of life. One important symbol that Forster mentions several times is the long, dusty road. The seemingly endless road represents the long, difficult journey of life. The people in the story must travel on the road even though it never ends and leads them nowhere. At first, they carry as many possessions with them as possible, but they eventually leave them behind, as he journey becomes more difficult. The narrator says, "The road behind was strewn with the things we had all dropped." Eventually, the people of ... ... falls into the water, it cleanses his body physically, but it also cleanses his soul symbolically. His body is no longer covered with dust from his journey on the road. The water also causes the main character's pedometer to stop working. This further indicates that all links to the narrator's past life have been destroyed. He has moved on to a different stage in life, and there is no turning back. E.M. Forster's use of allegory and symbolism in The Other Side of the Hedge helps present his belief that the journey toward heaven is easier when one has fewer possessions and does good deeds for others. When the main character strays from the road, he begins a symbolic journey into heaven. The hedge strips him of his worldly possessions, while the water cleanses him spiritually, preparing him for the life to come.

Food Article Summary Response

â€Å"Serves Us Right† by Phoebe Damrosch describes the occupation of waiting as overlooked, treated badly, and in need of some change. We pay attention to and adore the rock star chefs, yet we often ignore those who deal with our food most, our waiters. Waiters in America are undertrained and treated poorly. Waiters work unpredictable schedules for unpredictable pay which depends heavily on tipping. They often do not receive work benefits such as health care and paid sick leave(1). As a result the quality of waiting is not great, because it is not a good job to hold, and there is a large turnover of new employees(2). Restaurants can improve the quality of waiting in America if they were to provide training and benefits(2). Damrosch suggests that removing tipping in exchange for a service charge paid by the employers would result in better service. Damrosch states that â€Å"The service charge shifts the focus from the money to the experience†(1). The occupation of waiting in its current state is sub par because the working conditions are sub par; waiter working conditions must be improved before work quality can too. Phoebe Damrosch makes many great points and is correct in her statements about the occupation of waiting and the occupation of waiting needs some changes for the better. Waiters and waitresses have some of the most unpredictable hours and schedules, making it difficult to schedule and lead their lives outside of their occupation. On top of that, they are underpaid; most waiters only make minimum wage and their salary is determined by how much they receive through tipping. Waiting is not a simple occupation either, it takes a lot of work and effort especially when it is busy to try and attend to all their customers. Taking orders, refilling drinks, making sure everything is OK, as well as delivering food from the kitchen requires a lot of multitasking skills and focus. I agree with Damrosch that tipping is instrumental in the failure of good service. With their already low wages, waiters and waitresses rely heavily on tipping, that means getting the customers in and out as fast as possible. This attitude towards working neglects the overall experience of each customer. Damrosch questions whether tipping should be held in practice anymore, and I completely agree. Removing tipping and boosting the base salary of waiters and waitresses would allow them to focus more on doing a good job instead of scrambling around trying to work as fast they can to receive more money from tipping each night. Most waiters and waitresses do not receive health care or other benefits either further adding to the list of negatives. All in all, Damrosch is correct, the occupation of waiting is one that is a lot of work, and hardly worth it. Too many negatives exist to keep people interested in waiting. For those that do practice waiting as their occupation, there is little motivation to do their job well. This job sees a lot of overturn as a result, so training becomes impractical and good service is becoming rare. The existence of tipping shifts the focus from providing quality service to trying to make as much money as possible. Waiting is hard work and improving the conditions of waiting is necessary before any improvement in the quality of work can be expected to be seen. Works Cited Damrosch, Pheobe. â€Å"Serves Us Right†. New York Times  September, 19, 2009: 1-2.

Federal Reserve Chair Game

Using the concepts you've been studying, describe how the game shows the use of monetary policy?Based on the monetary policy, the authority controls the supply of money through targeting the interest rate to promote economic growth and stability. Having relatively low price level and less unemployment rate are the main goals. Therefore, this game also adjusts the federal interest rate in order to retain the lowest unemployment rate and improving the economic stability by maintaining low inflation rate that increase the economic stability. So, we can say that this game controls the monetary policy.How can unforeseen circumstances effect the economy? Give examples.If the supply of money is not controlled by the monetary authority, there would be some chances that would affect the economic stability such as high inflation rate and unemployment rate may cause the issue to the current financial need and finally cause the high risk to the country.How does the Fed react to these circumstanc es? Did you get re-appointed? Why or why not?To keep the inflation rate low and stable around 2 percent and unemployment rate account 5 percent are recommended. In this case, it is necessary to have fed rate around 4.5 and also it needs to be revised every 3 months for next four years. If the rate will increase by 7.5 percent, unemployment rate would be around 4.69 percent, inflation rate as 2.26 percent. Therefore, the inflation will be higher as well as the unemployment rate. No, I was dismissed from the high inflation rate because I cannot control the monetary polity even form two times opportunity

Mother to Child Transmission Essay Example

Mother to Child Transmission Essay Example Mother to Child Transmission Essay Mother to Child Transmission Essay What is mother-to-child transmission? Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is when an HIV-infected woman passes the virus to her baby. This can occur during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding. Without treatment, around 15-30% of babies born to HIV positive women will become infected with HIV during pregnancy and delivery. A further 5-20% will become infected through breastfeeding. 1 Is MTCT a major problem? In 2008, around 430,000 children under 15 became infected with HIV, mainly through mother-to-child transmission. About 90% of these MTCT infections occurred in Africa where AIDS is beginning to reverse decades of steady progress in child survival. 2 In high income countries MTCT has been virtually eliminated thanks to effective voluntary testing and counselling, access to antiretroviral therapy, safe delivery practices, and the widespread availability and safe use of breast-milk substitutes. If these interventions were used worldwide, they could save the lives of thousands of children each year. How can MTCT be prevented (PMTCT)? pic]An HIV positive mother and her HIV positive baby in India Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) requires a three-fold strategy. 3 4 Preventing HIV infection among prospective parents making HIV testing and other prevention interventions available in services related to sexual health such as antenatal and postpartum care. Avoiding unwanted pregnancies among HIV positive women providing appropriate counseling and support to women living with HIV to enable them to make informed decisions about their reproductive lives. Preventing the transmission of HIV from HIV positive mothers to their infants during pregnancy, labour, delivery and breastfeeding. Integration of HIV care, treatment and support for women found to be positive and their families. The last of these can be achieved by the use of antiretroviral drugs, safer infant feeding practices and other interventions. Antiretroviral drugs Treatment for the mother Women who have reached the advanced stages of HIV disease require a combination of antiretroviral drugs for their own health. This treatment, which must be taken every day for the rest of a womans life, is also highly effective at preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). Women who require treatment will usually be advised to take it, beginning either immediately or after the first trimester. Their newborn babies will usually be given a course of treatment for the first few days or weeks of life, to lower the risk even further. Pregnant women who do not yet need treatment for their own HIV infection can take a short course of drugs to help protect their unborn babies. The main options are outlined below, in order of complexity and effectiveness. Single dose nevirapine The simplest of all PMTCT drug regimens was tested in the HIVNET 012 trial, which took place in Uganda between 1997 and 1999. This study found that a single dose of nevirapine given to the mother at the onset of labour and to the baby after delivery roughly halved the rate of HIV transmission. 5 6 As it is given only once to the mother and baby, single dose nevirapine is relatively cheap and easy to administer. Since 2000, many thousands of babies in resource-poor countries have benefited from this simple intervention, which has been the mainstay of many PMTCT programmes. When is single dose nevirapine appropriate? A significant concern about the use of single dose nevirapine is drug resistance. Around a third of women who take single dose nevirapine develop drug resistant HIV,7 which can make subsequent treatment involving nevirapine and efavirenz (a related drug) less effective. Studies have found that drug resistance resulting from single dose nevirapine tends to decrease over time; if a mother waits at least six months before beginning treatment then it may be less likely to fail. 9  10 Nevertheless, in some cases the drug resistant HIV persists for many months in some parts of the body, even if it cannot be detected in the blood, and this may undermine the longer term effectiveness of treatment. 11 Whenever possible, women should receive a combination of drugs to prevent HIV resistan ce problems and to decrease MTCT rates even further. Among babies infected with HIV and exposed to single-dose nevirapine, around half have drug resistance at 6-8 weeks old. 12 Other infants may become infected with drug resistant HIV through breastfeeding. 13 Because of concerns about drug resistance and relatively low effectiveness, there is now general agreement that single dose nevirapine should be used only when no alternative PMTCT drug regimen is available. Whenever possible, women should receive a combination of drugs to prevent HIV resistance problems and to decrease MTCT rates even further. Nevirapine, however, is still the only single dose drug available to prevent MTCT. Other short course treatments require women to take drugs during and after pregnancy as well as during labour and delivery. This means they are much more expensive and more difficult to implement in resource poor settings than nevirapine, which can be used with little or no medical supervision at all. So, for now, single dose nevirapine remains the only practical choice for PMTCT of HIV in areas with minimal medical resources. Combining AZT with single dose nevirapine According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 guidelines,   the recommended course of drugs for preventing mother to child transmission (PMTCT) in resources-limited settings should be a combination of AZT and single dose NVP. This approach is much more difficult to administer than single dose nevirapine on its own, but it is also significantly more effective, and is less likely to lead to drug resistance. AZT was first shown to reduce MTCT rates in 1994, and is the best-studied drug for this purpose. Under the 2010 guidelines, all HIV positive mothers, identified during pregnancy, should receive an extensive course of antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother to child transmission. For more information about the 2010 recommendations, please see AVERTs 2010 WHO Guidelines page. If these extensive drugs are not available, then the 2006 recommended course might be an option and a woman should begin taking AZT after 28 weeks of pregnancy (or as soon as possible thereafter). During labour she should take AZT and 3TC, as well as a single dose of nevirapine. If the woman receives less than four weeks of AZT during pregnancy then her baby should receive AZT for four weeks instead of one. Triple combinations The most effective PMTCT therapy involves a combination of three antiretroviral drugs taken during the later stages of pregnancy and during labour. This therapy is essentially identical to the treatment taken by HIV-positive people for their own health, except that it is taken only for a few months, and the choice of drugs may be slightly different. Triple therapy is usually recommended to women in high-income countries, and is becoming more widespread in the rest of the world and the WHO 2010 Guidelines, reflects this. AVERT. org has more information about HIV and pregnancy, including a discussion of these more sophisticated regimens. HIVNET 012 controversies In mid December 2004 a news story appeared alleging that side effects from single dose nevirapine during the HIVNET 012 study had been covered up. It claimed that US officials had been warned that nevirapine research was flawed and may have underreported thousands of severe reactions including deaths. By the time this news story appeared, a committee from the US Institute of Medicine was already engaged in a major independent review of the design, conduct, results and validity of the HIVNET 012 study. After evaluating extensive material from a variety of sources and reviewing primary source documents from Uganda, the investigation reported its findings in April 2005. The committee found that the original report on the HIVNET 012 study was sound, presented in a balanced manner, and can be relied upon for scientific and policy-making purposes. The allegations about unreported deaths were found to be completely untrue. Of the 306 mothers who received nevirapine, 16 experienced serious adverse events, and only one was thought possibly to be due to nevirapine. 14 The safety and effectiveness of single dose nevirapine has been confirmed by many other clinical trails. Although long-term use of nevirapine has been linked to liver damage, there is no evidence of any significant safety risk from a single dose to prevent MTCT. The December 2004 press story (which seems to have arisen from a personal feud between US officials) has been thoroughly discredited. 14, 15, 16, 17 Numerous subsequent studies, including a large clinical trial in Thailand, have reaffirmed that nevirapine is safe and effective at preventing MTCT. 15 HIV and safer infant feeding [pic]African woman breastfeeding A number of studies have shown that the protective benefit of drugs is diminished when babies continue to be exposed to HIV through breastfeeding. 6 17 Mothers with HIV are advised not to breastfeed whenever the use of breast milk substitutes (formula) is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe. However if they live in a country where safe water is not available then the risk of life-threatening conditions from formula feeding may be higher than the risk fro m breastfeeding. An HIV positive mother should be counselled on the risks and benefits of different infant feeding options and should be helped to select the most suitable option for her situation. 18 A baby fed on infant formula does not receive the special vitamins, nutrients and protective agents found in breast milk. And the cost of infant formula often puts it beyond the reach of poor families in resource poor countries, even if the product is widely available. Many women also lack access to the knowledge, potable water and fuel needed to prepare replacement feeds safely, or simply have no time to prepare them. If used incorrectly mixed with unsafe water, for example, or over-diluted a breast milk substitute can cause infections, malnutrition and even death. Furthermore, if a mother chooses not to breastfeed in settings where breastfeeding is the norm then this may draw attention to her HIV status and invite discrimination, violence or abandonment by her family and community. Another factor worth noting is the contraceptive effect of breastfeeding, which can help to lengthen the interval between pregnancies. Infant feeding advice for women with regular access to antiretroviral drugs For HIV positive women who choose, or who are advised to breastfeed, the World Health Organizations (WHO) recommendations are based on whether a women has access to antiretroviral drugs or not. If a woman has support and a regular supply of antiretroviral drugs then she should exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of an infants life and then introduce mix feeding until the infant is able to have a safe diet without breastmilk. Mixed feeding (breastfeeding mixed with bottle feeding of water or formula, or providing other foods) is only safe in this situation because the mother or infant is taking antiretrovirals. Infant feeding advice for women who do not have regular access to antiretroviral drugs In situations where health services cannot supply women or infants with a regular supply of antiretroviral drugs, for an extended period of time, women are recommended to exclusive breastfeed for the first 6 months of an infants life and rapidly wean to avoid mixed feeding. Mixed feeding is not recommend because studies suggest it carries a higher risk than exclusive breastfeeding. Potentially this is because it damages the lining of the babys stomach and intestines thus making it easier for HIV in breast milk to infect the baby. If a HIV positive mother does not have access to ARVs she is strongly recommended to rapidly wean. Unfortunately, the best duration for this is not yet known and may vary according to the infants age and/or the environment 19 20. Read more about HIV and breastfeeding. Caesarean sections A caesarean section is an operation to deliver a baby through its mother’s abdominal wall. When a mother is HIV positive a caesarean section may be done to protect the baby from direct contact with her blood and other bodily fluids. However, as with formula feeding, there is a need to weigh the risk of HIV transmission against the risk of harm due to the intervention. If the mother is taking combination antiretroviral therapy then a caesarean section will often not be recommended because the risk of HIV transmission will already be very low. Caesarean delivery may be recommended if the mother has a high level of HIV in her blood, but the procedure is seldom available and/or safe in resource poor settings. Challenges faced by PMTCT programmes Even where PMTCT services are available, not all women receive the full benefit. Reasons for HIV positive pregnant women not accessing drugs include: Not being offered an HIV test Refusing to take an HIV test Not returning for follow up visits Not adhering to self-administered drugs HIV testing is critical because women who do not know they are HIV positive cannot benefit from interventions. In 2009 an estimated 26% of the estimated 125 million pregnant women in low and middle-income countries received an HIV test. 21 However some women refuse to be tested because they fear learning that they have a life-threatening condition; because they distrust HIV tests; or because they do not expect their results to remain confidential, and fear stigma and discrimination following a positive result. Women having tested negative early in pregnancy can become infected during pregnancy; without returning to clinics for retesting treatment is not accessed22 . Sometimes women who test HIV positive do not return to clinics for follow up visits, or fail to take the drugs they have been given. This can happen because they have had negative experiences nteracting with clinic staff, fear or stigma or disclosure and because they did not receive adequate HIV counseling. because they have been poorly informed about HIV transmission and how it can be prevented. Fear of disclosure is a common rea son why women are reluctant to return to their HIV clinic. In the words of a woman from Cote dIvoire: My husband might see me with the medicines, and he will want to know what they are for. That way he will find out about my [HIV positive test] result. Even the location bothers me, because everyone who comes to the clinic knows what goes on [at the programme]. As soon as a pregnant woman is seen coming here, its known right away that she is seropositive. 23 One of the major problems in preventing mother-to-child transmission, it has been argued, is making the provision of ARV drugs the focus of PMTCT efforts. Access to other services such as counselling, care and treatment services, infant-feeding guidance, and in particular sexual and reproductive health is ignored as a result. 24   Therefore, it should not be assumed that the proportion of HIV-positive pregnant women who are receiving antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent their child becoming infected – estimated at one-third in low and middle-income countries – are receivi ng comprehensive PMTCT services. 25 To achieve a high success rate, PMTCT programmes must have well-trained, supportive staff who take great care to ensure confidentiality. They must be backed up by effective HIV testing and counselling programmes and by good quality HIV/AIDS education, which is essential to eliminate myths and misunderstandings among pregnant women, and to counter stigma and discrimination in the wider community. Under these conditions, antiretroviral drugs have the potential to save many thousands of babies lives. International PMTCT initiatives There are a number of large-scale international initiatives to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. These include: 1. The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 2. MTCT-Plus 3. The Global Fund 4. The Call to Action Project 5. The UN Interagency Task Team on MTCT The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) On June 19th 2002, US President Bush announced a new $500 million International Mother and Child HIV Prevention Initiative to prevent the transmission of HIV from mothers to infants and to improve health care delivery in Africa and the Caribbean. The Initiative was later integrated into the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). In 2008 PEPFAR was reauthorized with the original $ 15 billion funding now tripled to $ 48 billion over the next five years. The original Initiative had the aim of reaching one million women with HIV testing and counselling and providing preventive drugs to 80 per cent of HIV positive delivering women by 2007. It aimed to reduce mother-to-child transmission by 40 percent in its fourteen focus countries, twelve of which are in Africa. From fiscal year 2004 to FY 2007, PEPFAR has supported prevention of MTCT for women during more than 10 million pregnancies with antiretroviral drugs being provided in over 827,000 pregnancies. This has resulted in the prevention of an estimated 157,000 infant HIV infections. 26 AVERT. org has more information about the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in our PEPFAR page. MTCT-Plus The MTCT-Plus Initiative was established in 2002, and is coordinated by the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University. The Initiative aims to move beyond interventions aimed only at preventing infant HIV infection. It does this by supporting the provision of specialised care to HIV-infected women, their partners and their children who are identified in MTCT programmes. Funding for the initiative is provided by a group of private foundations, including the Gates Foundation, the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as by PEPFAR via USAID. The MTCT-Plus Initiative provides operational funding, medications, training and technical assistance at 13 sites in sub-Saharan Africa and at one site in Thailand. Since its inception MTCT-Plus has provided care and treatment to more than 16,000 adults and children. 27 The Global Fund The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is a public-private partnership that distributes grants worldwide to fund HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programmes. Grants are distributed over two years and most countries receive some grants to fund PMTCT programmes. In 2008 the Global Fund announced that 271,000 HIV positive pregnant women had been reached with prophylaxis for PMTCT through Global Fund money in 2007. 28 AVERT. org has more about The Global Fund. The Call to Action Project The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation initiated the Call to Action Project (CTA) in September 1999 to help reduce MTCT of HIV in resource poor countries. The CTA is a public-private partnership that receives funding from both private sources such as the Gates Foundation and government grants. CTA has worked or is now working at approximately 400 sites in nineteen countries worldwide, of which twelve are in Africa.

Atticus FInch Character Analysis Essay Example

Atticus FInch Character Analysis Essay Example Atticus FInch Character Analysis Paper Atticus FInch Character Analysis Paper Only Man Of His Kind The main characters in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird are Scout and Jem but their father Atticus finch is the character the reader should care about the most. Atticus is a great father in many ways, he is loyal, he teaches his children by example and he always does what is right. Because of his age, he has lived through many experiences that have taught him great life lessons that he teaches to his children to help them make the right decisions. The definition of loyalty is: a feeling or attitude of devoted attachment and affection. Jem and Scout are very loyal to their father, they efend him when necessary and they obey every command he gives them. Even after their mother died of a heart attack, Atticus did not give up on his responsibilities in life. He kept up with his Job as a lawyer, he kept up with his bills, groceries, etc, he kept up with everything that was necessary as a single parent. One day Jem and Scout were home alone and wanted to build a snowman but there wasnt enough snow so they dug up some of the yard and molded one out of mud. When Atticus returned home, Jem thought he would be furious but instead, he was impressed with Jems creativity: l didnt know how you were going to do it, but from now on Ill never worry about whatll become of you, son, youll always have an idea (67). Atticus also teaches Jem and Scout to not let what others affect them- mfou Just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anyone says to you, dont let em get your goat. Try fighting with your head for a change its a good one, even if it does resist learning (76). He is teaches his children that theres always someone that will be Judging you and that you have to keep your head held high and to not stoop down to their level. Walk away and be the bigger person. No matter what obstacles appeared in his life, he always found ways to overcome them and do what was best for his children. Life lessons are probably the most important things that Atticus teaches his children. He teaches them that they are always good enough no matter what anyone tells them. When Atticus sister otherwise known as Aunt Alexandra comes into town, she tries to change scout into less of a tomboy and more of a lady: He said there were already enough sunbeams in the family and to go about my business, he didnt mind me much the way I was(86). Atticus says that Scout is Just ine the way she is and he doesnt want what Aunt Alexandra says to affect the way Scout feels about herself. He also teaches them to always keep your head up and to not let what others say affect you. Mrs. Dubose is a mean woman that doesnt agree with some of Atticus choices and she is always rude and Judgemental to Atticus, Jem and Scout but everyday Atticus decides to be the bigger person: When the three of us came to the house, Atticus would sweep off his hat, wave gallantly to her and say, Good evening, Mrs. Dubose! You look like a picture this evening. I never heard Atticus say like a picture of what. He would tell her the courthouse news, and would say he hoped with all his heart shed have a good day tomorrow. He would return his hat to his head, swing me to his shoulders in her very presence, and we would go home in the twilight. It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived(95). This and it will always make you look better. The most valuable characteristic that applies to Atticus Finch is that he always does what is right. Atticus believes that you must take a step in someone elses shoes before you Judge them- mfou never really nderstand a person until you consider things from his point of view; until you climb into his skin and walk around in it (30). Everyone has their own personal issues in their life, and no one has the right to Judge them based on whats on the outside. Atticus believes that is the right thing to do in every situation. Another thing that Atticus believes is the right thing to do is to never hit his children: Atticus aint ever whipped me since I can remember and I wanta keep it that way (90). Around the time period that To Kill a Mockingbird was written, it was very common for parents to hit their children when they misbehaved. Atticus believed that that was an unfair, useless punishment and used different discipline methods instead. The main reason that Atticus Finch is considered a person that always does what is right no matter what is the fact that he stood up for Tom Robinson, a black man that was accused of raping a white female: And Tom Robinson now sits before you having taken the oath with the only good hand he possesses his RIGHT. I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the State. She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance. But my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a mans life at stake, hich she has done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt(204). No matter what the situation is, Atticus always does what is right and stands up for others and puts other peoples needs in front of his own. Because Atticus is such an amazing person in Maycomb, he is well known and is respected by many. Although, there are some people that have no respect such as Mayella Ewells husband Bob Ewell: Jem see if you can stand in Bob Ewells shoes a minute. I destroyed his last shred of credibility at that trial, if he had any to begin with. The man had to have some kind of comeback, his kind always does. So if spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell one extra beating, thats something Ill gladly take. He had to take it out on somebody and Id rather it be me than that household full of children out there(231). Bob is upset with Atticus because he stood up for Tom Robinson, the man that supposedly raped his wife. Throughout the whole book, Atticus always respects people that respect him and he always puts their needs ahead of his as well as not following the people of Maycomb by respecting negros and treating them all equally, making Atticus Finch an overall amazing character in To Kill a Mockingbird.

All About Carbon Fiber and How Its Made

All About Carbon Fiber and How It's Made Also called graphite fiber or carbon graphite, carbon fiber consists of very thin strands of the element carbon. Carbon fibers have high tensile strength and are very strong for their size. In fact, carbon fiber might be the strongest material there is. Each fiber is 5-10 microns in diameter. To give a sense of how small that is, one micron (um) is 0.000039 inches. One strand of spider web silk is usually between 3-8 microns. Carbon fibers are twice as stiff as steel and five times as strong as steel, (per unit of weight). They also are highly chemically resistant and have high-temperature tolerance with low thermal expansion. Carbon fibers are important in engineering materials, aerospace, high-performance vehicles, sporting equipment, and musical instrumentsto name just a few of their uses. Raw Materials Carbon fiber is made from organic polymers, which consist of long strings of molecules held together by carbon atoms.  Most carbon fibers (about 90 percent) are made from the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) process. A small amount (about 10 percent) are manufactured from rayon or the petroleum pitch process.  Gases, liquids, and other materials used in the manufacturing process create specific effects, qualities, and grades of carbon fiber. The highest grade carbon fiber with the best modulus properties are used in demanding applications such as aerospace. Carbon fiber manufacturers differ from one another in the combinations of raw materials they use. They usually treat their specific formulations as trade secrets. Manufacturing Process In the manufacturing process, the raw materials, which are called precursors, are drawn into long strands or fibers. The fibers are woven into fabric or combined with other materials that are filament wound or molded into desired shapes and sizes. There are typically five segments in the manufacturing of carbon fibers from the PAN process. These are: Spinning. PAN mixed with other ingredients and spun into fibers, which are washed and stretched.Stabilizing. Chemical alteration to stabilize bonding.Carbonizing. Stabilized fibers heated to very high temperature forming tightly bonded carbon crystals.Treating the Surface. ​The surface of fibers oxidized to improve bonding properties.Sizing. Fibers are coated and wound onto bobbins, which are loaded onto spinning machines that twist the fibers into different size yarns. Instead of being woven into fabrics, fibers may be formed into composites. To form composite materials, heat, pressure, or a vacuum binds fibers together with a plastic polymer. Manufacturing Challenges The manufacture of carbon fibers carries a number of challenges, including: The need for more cost-effective recovery and repair.The surface treatment process must be carefully regulated to avoid creating pits that could result in defective fibers.Close control required to ensure consistent quality.Health and safety issuesSkin irritationBreathing irritationArcing and shorts in electrical equipment because of the strong electro-conductivity of carbon fibers. Future of Carbon Fiber Because of its high tensile strength and lightweight, many consider carbon fiber to be the most significant manufacturing material of our generation. Carbon fiber may play an increasingly important role in areas such as: Energy: Windmill blades, natural gas storage, and transportation, fuel cells.Automobiles: Currently used just for high-performance vehicles, carbon fiber technology is moving into wider use.  In December 2011 General Motors announced that it is working on carbon fiber composites for mass production of automobiles.Construction: Lightweight pre-cast concrete, earthquake protection.Aircraft: Defense and commercial aircraft.  Unmanned aerial vehicles.Oil exploration: Deepwater drilling platforms, drill pipes.Carbon nanotubes: Semiconductor materials, spacecraft, chemical sensors, and other uses. In 2015, carbon fiber had a $2.25 billion market size. Projections have the market expanding to $31 billion by 2024. To accomplish this, costs must be reduced and new applications targeted.